文献学的多途发展与学科整合

目前文献学正呈现出古典文献学、现代文献学和各种专科文献学多途发展的态势。有些学者鉴于这些学科彼此分隔,互不统属,提出了"大文献学"或"文献科学"学科体系的构想,意在对文献学诸学科加以整合,并为之寻找共同的上位学科。

也谈中国美学的发展之途——兼与朱立元先生商榷

主客二分思维模式与追寻实体性“美”,都是中国美学存在的问题。后者对美学的影响更具有方向性、根本性。主客二分思维模式影响了中国美学的发展,但不能由此全盘否定认识论的作用。抛弃寻找本体性“美”的思维方式,研究审美现象发生的原因、过程和规律,是中国美学的发展之途。

浅谈高中地理教学中学生参与意识的培养

根据教育部门对新课标的要求，高中地理教师在教学的同时，应重视学生的参与意识发展。在地理教学过程中，学生通过自主体验、合作研究、真心理解等过程，真正让学生学会学习、学会交流、学会创新，从而加强学生自主学习意识，发展学生主体能力，塑造学生的主体人格。实践表明，只要是学生亲身体验的东西、全身心领悟出的道理，才能一直存在于学生脑海深处，并且这种能力会伴随他一生，受益一生。

Needs analysis of professional development of middle school English teachers in rural areas of Western China： Take Gansu province as an example

Based on the questionnaires and interviews, this paper, in terms of target needs and learning needs, analyses the needs of professional development of the middle school English teachers in rural areas of western China. The analysis shows that all the subjects need to improve the Basic English language skills and knowledge. In-service training and retraining are the effective ways to help develop their professionalism, but due to the limitations of all kinds of obstacles, their learning needs cannot be met. Only by the concerted efforts by the society and the teachers themselves, the problems arising in their professional development can be solved.

Why Spatial Planning Often Fails to Control the Spreading Locations of Large Scale Commercial Facilities？

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of planning failure on land use control in case of sprawl developments of large scale commercial facilities, which is often seen in many countries. The author demonstrates actual three cases in Japan： a huge commercial development established in the middle of rice field between the two local cities, two huge commercial accumulations established at the opposite fringes of urban area, and many large commercial developments established one by one within the small municipalities surrounding a central city. And by examining the statistical sales amount, the author describes that these huge suburban commercial developments apparently deprived the sales of the downtown. Through analyzing these cases, the author empirically stated that for the motorized local cites, the optimum location of commercial accumulation is no longer the central area of the city but about 15 min away from the center with the smooth accessible arterial road. At last, the author mentions that the ＂planning failure＂ could be occurred if the territory of planning authority and the scale of the development are inconsistent, such as the authority of small municipal government and the large scale commercial facility which impacts beyond the municipal boundary.

Challenges and Countermeasures for the Sustainable Development of Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in China

In 2012 the Ministry of Agriculture of China launched a project exploring Nationaly Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （China-NIAHS）. Through two rounds of applications and selection in 2012 and 2013, 39 traditional agricultural systems were selected and designated as China-NIAHS, including 19 forestry systems, 14 planting systems, four agricultural complex systems and two other systems. From a system origin perspective there were 24 agricultural systems, some dating back 1000 years. Twenty heritage systems are located in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Agricultural heritage systems face general challenges, such as ecosystem degradation and destruction, loss and abandonment of traditional agricultural technologies and landscapes, lagging agriculture scale and industrialization, and limited farmer beneift-sharing and incentives. Compared to other types of heritage, the conservation and development of agricultural heritage systems is more complex and dififcult. In order to achieve sustainable development of agricultural heritage systems, the government should play a leading role and improve ifnancial support functions. Local people should also explore market-oriented approaches and adaptive management methods on protection and development of NIAHS. Multi-participation and beneift-sharing mechanisms should be established and basic research needs to be strengthened.

Calling for Nexus Approach: Introduction of the Flagship Programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods

The United Nations Environment Programme（UN Environment） launched at the end of 2016 a decade-long（2016–2025） flagship programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL）, with the aim to assist developing countries in delivering the Sustainable Development Goals（SDGs） and climate targets while protecting their ecosystems and improving the livelihoods of their people. The CEL programme is a major initiative supported by China and other developing countries to promote long-term South-South cooperation, led by the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP）. This article presents the conceptual framework and implementation strategy of the CEL programme, which were proposed through consultations between UN Environment, Chinese and international experts. Within the conceptual framework, the CEL programme will 1） focus its work on the nexus of climate change, ecosystem services and sustainable livelihoods as the primary priority; 2） encourage cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder cooperation, enhance interdisciplinary research, and strive for breakthroughs that cross disciplinary boundaries; 3） provide four types of services and products—monitoring and assessment, capacity building, technology demonstration, and science for policy through mainly South-South cooperation; and 4） have far-reaching impacts on delivering SDGs and climate targets in vulnerable developing countries. The CEL programme is going to be implemented in a strategic way through a set of related projects and initiatives. More particularly, it will 1） focus on fragile ecosystems like drylands, mountains, river basins and coastal zones in Asia, Africa and other key regions along the Belt and Road, in the early stage and expand to include some other regions at a later stage; 2） take a three-phase approach, including Phase I, Kick-off（2016–2018）, Phase II, Development（2019–2021）, and Phase III, Scaling-up（2022–2025）; and 3） draw on the globally relevant knowledge, expertise and other resources of a substantial network of partners. So far, UNEP-IEMP has developed more than twenty projects and initiatives in the regions along the Belt and Road, especially in Africa and the Greater Mekong Subregion, which lay a solid foundation for the implementation of CEL programme in its first phase.

Promoting the Nexus Approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods in Africa through China-Africa Cooperation

Africa is facing both challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability. The nexus approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL） is a promising way to seize the ＂power of integration＂ for achieving sustainability of the African continent. Based on taking stock of the work of various organizations especially the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP） in the Africa, this article explores the demands and opportunities for delivering the CEL approach in Africa and provides perspectives on how to promote it in the framework of China-Africa cooperation in future. It concludes that Africa is one of the focal regions in the delivery of the CEL nexus approach; UNEP-IEMP has launched several major initiatives that lay the foundation for delivering the nexus approach of CEL in Africa; however, more ambitious cooperation should be taken through a broad China-Africa partnership, based on existing institutions, networks and ongoing programmes in both Africa and China, to support future China-Africa cooperation on the nexus approach of CEL.