N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOCC） composite nanofiltration （NF） membranes were prepared by coating and cross-linking. The fermentation effluent from a wine factory was treated with the resulting NOCC/polysulfone ...N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOCC） composite nanofiltration （NF） membranes were prepared by coating and cross-linking. The fermentation effluent from a wine factory was treated with the resulting NOCC/polysulfone （PSF） composite NF membranes. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies of the resulting NF membranes for the color, chemical oxygen demand （CODcr）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and conductivity of the fermentation effluent were investigated in relation to the driving pressure, the feed flow, and the operation time. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies were found to increase with the increase of the driving pressure or the feed flow. At 0.40 MPa and ambient temperature the removal efficiencies were 95.5%, 70.7%, 72.6%, and 31.6% for color, CODcr, TOC, and conductivity, respectively. The membrane was found to be stable over a 10-h ooeration for the fermentation effluent treatment.展开更多
Decoloration and mineralization of yeast wastewater were investigated by using Ce-Fe/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst in fluidized bed reactor in order to solve the problem of yeast wastewater discharge....Decoloration and mineralization of yeast wastewater were investigated by using Ce-Fe/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst in fluidized bed reactor in order to solve the problem of yeast wastewater discharge. The experimental results were assessed in terms of total organic carbon（TOC） reduction. The operational and reaction conditions affecting the efficiencies of TOC removal such as initial pH value, H2O2 concentration, catalyst loading and UV power were studied. The results show that TOC is reduced from 347.6 mg/L to 10.8 mg/L, color is changed from 500 units to 0 under the conditions as follows： initial pH value 6. 0, H2O2 concentration of 1. 000 g/L, catalyst loading of 5 g/L, reaction duration of 120 rain and reaction temperature of 30 ℃. The irradiated Ce-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline and then it was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to confirm the formation of Fe（Ⅱ） in the solid state. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction proves to be effective for the treatment of yeast wastewater.展开更多
An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constan...An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constant volume combustion process, adiabatic expansion process, adiabatic blow down process and constant pressure exhaust process to approximate the thermodynamic processes in the cylinder, finally the residual gas temperature for the ( n+1) th cycle can be estimated. Because of the adding of engine operating parameters such as engine speed, spark advance, equivalence ratio, intake air pressure, intake air temperature to the model, effects of these parameters on cyclic variation can be estimated quantitatively. Since residual gas temperature fluctuation between cycles reflects the circumstances of engine cyclic variation, parameters to which residual gas temperature is sensitive are most likely used as the means to control cyclic variation. Model simulation shows that for the nearly stiochiometric mixture, cyclic variation is not obvious or even quite stable, but for the lean mixture, under the circumstances of partial load and larger spark advances, engine cyclic variations occur chaotically or with bifurcation.展开更多
Wastes yielded in the vintage process and the biological fermentation of itaconic acid and sodium gluconate of a winery in Shandong, such as grain stillage, melon lees, cornstarch protein residues, itacanic acid mothe...Wastes yielded in the vintage process and the biological fermentation of itaconic acid and sodium gluconate of a winery in Shandong, such as grain stillage, melon lees, cornstarch protein residues, itacanic acid mother liquid, itaconic acid mycelium and sodium gluconate mycelium, were studied. High-activity biological protein feed, foliar fertilizer and irrigation fertilizer were generated from these wastes by applying biological/microbial technologies. Meanwhile, a whole set of technological pathways was put forward. As a result, the optimal economical and social benefits can be obtained with low natural resource consumption and environmental costs by converting wastes into useful matters. In conclusion, through the utilization of limited resources in the whole process of reclamation and utilization of wastes, the harmony promotion can be achieved between the economic system and the natural ecosystem.展开更多
Assessment of mass transfer characteristics of pervaporation （PV） treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is of great importance for water treatment plant operators conducting initial eval...Assessment of mass transfer characteristics of pervaporation （PV） treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is of great importance for water treatment plant operators conducting initial evaluation, process optimization, and process economics. While a membrane plays a central role in pervaporation processes and separation efficiency, the mass transfer in the liquid layer next to the membrane surface is of equal, if not greater importance. It is one of the few process parameters that can be adjusted in situ to manipulate the outcome of a pervaporation process. In this study, a bench scale pervaporation experiment of removing a common chlorinated hydrocarbon from water was carried out and the results of it were compared to the ones based on well-known semi-empirical correlations. The mass transfer coefficients from the experiments, ranging from 0.8× 10^-5-2.5× 10^-5 m/s under the operating conditions, are higher than those predicted by the correlation. The corresponding separation factors under varying flow velocities are determined to be between 310-950.展开更多
In Kuwait, wastewater management has gained extra attention in recent years and becomes crucial for sustainable industrial development sector. Among the food industry sector, dairy processing plants generate huge amou...In Kuwait, wastewater management has gained extra attention in recent years and becomes crucial for sustainable industrial development sector. Among the food industry sector, dairy processing plants generate huge amount of wastewater, which is heavily loaded with organic and other toxic compounds. Disposal of dairy wastewater effluent without sufficient treatment can contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Cost efficient treatment processes that are effective in removing organic load and other contaminants are essential to meet stringent environmental regulations applied in Kuwait. A research study was carried out at the KISR （Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research） to assess the technical viability and economic feasibility of combined microfiltration and biological treatment system. This work presents the economic evaluation of the adopted treatment system. The results show that the cost of the integrated system for large scale is estimated to be US$ 1.575/m3, which is 25% less than the cost of wastewater transportation and treatment in conventional sewage plants.展开更多
Within a context of sustainable development, innovative processes for various applications to recycle rubber are put in place to make aggregates or crumb rubber. These uses include sports floor coverings, to manufactu...Within a context of sustainable development, innovative processes for various applications to recycle rubber are put in place to make aggregates or crumb rubber. These uses include sports floor coverings, to manufacture of sealants, sound absorbing walls, to make roads, as an alternative fuel in cement kilns, etc. In this study, the addition of crumb rubber to mortar was investigated through optical and mechanical tests. The results showed that the incorporation of crumb rubber from used tires into mortar produced a better resistance to shrinkage cracking, but a compressive strength/tensile is reduced. This feature could lend itself to making playgrounds and sports grounds more absorbing and flexible, which would allow a more significant fall to be withstood without injury and consequently enhance the safety of playgrounds.展开更多
Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an...Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel(diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads.The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads.However,it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency,resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%,respectively,The NOx emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.展开更多
Hydrogen （H2） appears as one of the most promising alternative forms of energy supply, as it is non-pollutant and has a high heating value. The production of H2 by non-conventional ways, such as fermentative product...Hydrogen （H2） appears as one of the most promising alternative forms of energy supply, as it is non-pollutant and has a high heating value. The production of H2 by non-conventional ways, such as fermentative production, depends on economic factors and the H2 yield achieved in the process. Therefore, this review summarizes the basic aspects of hydrogen production, specifically focusing on the role of the dark fermentation process, as a way to produce this gas by biological means. The different parameters affecting the production of H2 are also discussed. The existence of different hydrogen producing microorganisms with different enzymes causes the necessity to investigate the effect of the conditions under which the process is carried out. Thus, the factors influencing the fermentative process, such as pH, temperature, inoculum pretreatment, hydraulic retention time, hydrogen partial pressure and substrate composition （metal ions, nitrogen source, etc.） are summarized.展开更多
The catalytic combustion technology for treating waste gases exiting from wastewater treatment system and oil separators in petrochemical enterprises was introduced in this article. Commercial application of this tech...The catalytic combustion technology for treating waste gases exiting from wastewater treatment system and oil separators in petrochemical enterprises was introduced in this article. Commercial application of this technology showed that the process ＂desulfurization and total hydrocarbon concentration homogenizationcatalytic combustion＂ and the associated WSH-1 combustion catalyst were suitable for treating volatile organic gases emitted from the oil separators, floatation tanks, inlet water-collecting well, waste oil tanks, etc. The commercial unit was equipped with an advanced auto-control system, featuring a simple operation and low energy consumption with good treatment effect. The purified gases could meet the national emission standard.展开更多
基金the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Program of China(2003CB615706)
文摘N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOCC） composite nanofiltration （NF） membranes were prepared by coating and cross-linking. The fermentation effluent from a wine factory was treated with the resulting NOCC/polysulfone （PSF） composite NF membranes. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies of the resulting NF membranes for the color, chemical oxygen demand （CODcr）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and conductivity of the fermentation effluent were investigated in relation to the driving pressure, the feed flow, and the operation time. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies were found to increase with the increase of the driving pressure or the feed flow. At 0.40 MPa and ambient temperature the removal efficiencies were 95.5%, 70.7%, 72.6%, and 31.6% for color, CODcr, TOC, and conductivity, respectively. The membrane was found to be stable over a 10-h ooeration for the fermentation effluent treatment.
基金Project(20277010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Decoloration and mineralization of yeast wastewater were investigated by using Ce-Fe/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst in fluidized bed reactor in order to solve the problem of yeast wastewater discharge. The experimental results were assessed in terms of total organic carbon（TOC） reduction. The operational and reaction conditions affecting the efficiencies of TOC removal such as initial pH value, H2O2 concentration, catalyst loading and UV power were studied. The results show that TOC is reduced from 347.6 mg/L to 10.8 mg/L, color is changed from 500 units to 0 under the conditions as follows： initial pH value 6. 0, H2O2 concentration of 1. 000 g/L, catalyst loading of 5 g/L, reaction duration of 120 rain and reaction temperature of 30 ℃. The irradiated Ce-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline and then it was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to confirm the formation of Fe（Ⅱ） in the solid state. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction proves to be effective for the treatment of yeast wastewater.
文摘An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constant volume combustion process, adiabatic expansion process, adiabatic blow down process and constant pressure exhaust process to approximate the thermodynamic processes in the cylinder, finally the residual gas temperature for the ( n+1) th cycle can be estimated. Because of the adding of engine operating parameters such as engine speed, spark advance, equivalence ratio, intake air pressure, intake air temperature to the model, effects of these parameters on cyclic variation can be estimated quantitatively. Since residual gas temperature fluctuation between cycles reflects the circumstances of engine cyclic variation, parameters to which residual gas temperature is sensitive are most likely used as the means to control cyclic variation. Model simulation shows that for the nearly stiochiometric mixture, cyclic variation is not obvious or even quite stable, but for the lean mixture, under the circumstances of partial load and larger spark advances, engine cyclic variations occur chaotically or with bifurcation.
文摘Wastes yielded in the vintage process and the biological fermentation of itaconic acid and sodium gluconate of a winery in Shandong, such as grain stillage, melon lees, cornstarch protein residues, itacanic acid mother liquid, itaconic acid mycelium and sodium gluconate mycelium, were studied. High-activity biological protein feed, foliar fertilizer and irrigation fertilizer were generated from these wastes by applying biological/microbial technologies. Meanwhile, a whole set of technological pathways was put forward. As a result, the optimal economical and social benefits can be obtained with low natural resource consumption and environmental costs by converting wastes into useful matters. In conclusion, through the utilization of limited resources in the whole process of reclamation and utilization of wastes, the harmony promotion can be achieved between the economic system and the natural ecosystem.
基金Project supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station at Rutgers University
文摘Assessment of mass transfer characteristics of pervaporation （PV） treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is of great importance for water treatment plant operators conducting initial evaluation, process optimization, and process economics. While a membrane plays a central role in pervaporation processes and separation efficiency, the mass transfer in the liquid layer next to the membrane surface is of equal, if not greater importance. It is one of the few process parameters that can be adjusted in situ to manipulate the outcome of a pervaporation process. In this study, a bench scale pervaporation experiment of removing a common chlorinated hydrocarbon from water was carried out and the results of it were compared to the ones based on well-known semi-empirical correlations. The mass transfer coefficients from the experiments, ranging from 0.8× 10^-5-2.5× 10^-5 m/s under the operating conditions, are higher than those predicted by the correlation. The corresponding separation factors under varying flow velocities are determined to be between 310-950.
文摘In Kuwait, wastewater management has gained extra attention in recent years and becomes crucial for sustainable industrial development sector. Among the food industry sector, dairy processing plants generate huge amount of wastewater, which is heavily loaded with organic and other toxic compounds. Disposal of dairy wastewater effluent without sufficient treatment can contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Cost efficient treatment processes that are effective in removing organic load and other contaminants are essential to meet stringent environmental regulations applied in Kuwait. A research study was carried out at the KISR （Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research） to assess the technical viability and economic feasibility of combined microfiltration and biological treatment system. This work presents the economic evaluation of the adopted treatment system. The results show that the cost of the integrated system for large scale is estimated to be US$ 1.575/m3, which is 25% less than the cost of wastewater transportation and treatment in conventional sewage plants.
文摘Within a context of sustainable development, innovative processes for various applications to recycle rubber are put in place to make aggregates or crumb rubber. These uses include sports floor coverings, to manufacture of sealants, sound absorbing walls, to make roads, as an alternative fuel in cement kilns, etc. In this study, the addition of crumb rubber to mortar was investigated through optical and mechanical tests. The results showed that the incorporation of crumb rubber from used tires into mortar produced a better resistance to shrinkage cracking, but a compressive strength/tensile is reduced. This feature could lend itself to making playgrounds and sports grounds more absorbing and flexible, which would allow a more significant fall to be withstood without injury and consequently enhance the safety of playgrounds.
文摘Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel(diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads.The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads.However,it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency,resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%,respectively,The NOx emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.
文摘Hydrogen （H2） appears as one of the most promising alternative forms of energy supply, as it is non-pollutant and has a high heating value. The production of H2 by non-conventional ways, such as fermentative production, depends on economic factors and the H2 yield achieved in the process. Therefore, this review summarizes the basic aspects of hydrogen production, specifically focusing on the role of the dark fermentation process, as a way to produce this gas by biological means. The different parameters affecting the production of H2 are also discussed. The existence of different hydrogen producing microorganisms with different enzymes causes the necessity to investigate the effect of the conditions under which the process is carried out. Thus, the factors influencing the fermentative process, such as pH, temperature, inoculum pretreatment, hydraulic retention time, hydrogen partial pressure and substrate composition （metal ions, nitrogen source, etc.） are summarized.
文摘The catalytic combustion technology for treating waste gases exiting from wastewater treatment system and oil separators in petrochemical enterprises was introduced in this article. Commercial application of this technology showed that the process ＂desulfurization and total hydrocarbon concentration homogenizationcatalytic combustion＂ and the associated WSH-1 combustion catalyst were suitable for treating volatile organic gases emitted from the oil separators, floatation tanks, inlet water-collecting well, waste oil tanks, etc. The commercial unit was equipped with an advanced auto-control system, featuring a simple operation and low energy consumption with good treatment effect. The purified gases could meet the national emission standard.
