Improvement of large-scale-region landslide susceptibility mapping accuracy by transfer learning

Machine-learning methodologies have increasingly been embraced in landslide susceptibility assessment.However,the considerable time and financial burdens of landslide inventories often result in persistent data scarcity,which frequently impedes the generation of accurate and informative landslide susceptibility maps.Addressing this challenge,this study compiled a nationwide dataset and developed a transfer learning-based model to evaluate landslide susceptibility in the Chongqing region specifically.Notably,the proposed model,calibrated with the warmup-cosine annealing(WCA)learning rate strategy,demonstrated remarkable predictive capabilities,particularly in scenarios marked by data limitations and when training data were normalized using parameters from the source region.This is evidenced by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)values,which exhibited significant improvements of 51.00%,24.40%and 2.15%,respectively,compared to a deep learning model,in contexts where only 1%,5%and 10%of data from the target region were used for retraining.Simultaneously,there were reductions in loss of 16.12%,27.61%and 15.44%,respectively,in these instances.

A physics-informed machine learning solution for landslide susceptibility mapping based on three-dimensional slope stability evaluation

Landslide susceptibility mapping is a crucial tool for disaster prevention and management.The performance of conventional data-driven model is greatly influenced by the quality of the samples data.The random selection of negative samples results in the lack of interpretability throughout the assessment process.To address this limitation and construct a high-quality negative samples database,this study introduces a physics-informed machine learning approach,combining the random forest model with Scoops 3D,to optimize the negative samples selection strategy and assess the landslide susceptibility of the study area.The Scoops 3D is employed to determine the factor of safety value leveraging Bishop’s simplified method.Instead of conventional random selection,negative samples are extracted from the areas with a high factor of safety value.Subsequently,the results of conventional random forest model and physics-informed data-driven model are analyzed and discussed,focusing on model performance and prediction uncertainty.In comparison to conventional methods,the physics-informed model,set with a safety area threshold of 3,demonstrates a noteworthy improvement in the mean AUC value by 36.7%,coupled with a reduced prediction uncertainty.It is evident that the determination of the safety area threshold exerts an impact on both prediction uncertainty and model performance.

Simple Culture Techniques for Germinationpromoting Fungi and Armillariella mellea in Artificial Planting of Gastrodia elata

This study aimed to explore simple culture techniques for symbiotic germination-promoting fungi and Armillariella mellea in artificial planting of Gastrodia elata, i.e., how to use a corner of ordinary house as inoculation room and cultivating site, how to use a pressure cooker for cooking food as sterilization tool, and how to use ordinary household heating as heating measures.

Antecedents and performance consequences of governance structures in R&D alliances

Traditionally governance structures are classified into ＂hierarchy or market＂ or ＂equity or non-equity.＂ However,such classifications may not be effective in characterizing all governance structures of research and development（R D） alliances.Therefore,the first objective of this study is to investigate why there exist different organizational governance structures in managing R D alliances;the second objective of this study is to give strategic advice in choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of R D alliances.Through the theoretical lens that integrate both transaction cost economics（TCE） and the resource-based view（RBV）,a model that focuses on six major factors is developed for determining governance structure choices,namely,technological uncertainty,cultural difference,asset specificity,technology complementarity,appropriability of the individual firm＇s know-how,and trust.An R D alliance with higher technological uncertainty,larger cultural differences,and greater concerns for protecting an individual＇s know-how is more likely to adopt non-integrated alliances as the governing structure.An R D alliance with a higher degree of asset-specificity,greater technology complementarity and greater trust among partnering organizations is more likely to adopt integrated alliances as the governing structure;an R D alliance in the face of lower technological uncertainty will tend to adopt integrated alliances.The more aligned the choice of the governance structure with its determinants,the better the R D alliance will perform,and vice versa.

Studies on forest sustainable development and issues under the condition of WTO's principles in China

The World Trade Organization (WTO), an international organization to deal with the world free trade mechanism, allows for the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development and the protection of environment and trade. China, as a state member of WTO, is challenged by the WTO's agreements and the principles to guideline China sustainable forest development in the future. Forest resources in China will be protected as the basic sections of natural resources. The administrative function of Chinese government will be reformed by the condition of WTO's principles. So, the aim of China forest sustainable development is prior to deal with the relationship between the environment protection and development of economy. Under the condition of the WTO's principles and as a base on the international customary laws, the issues of China forest sustainable development focus on the China forest system reformation that applies for the China nature forest stratagem by the laws and protects the China environment for the sustainable development under the condition of science development, especially in the China forest protection and in dealing with the relationship among the environment and the economy development and others. Establishing the zoological forest industry is basic requirement by both the WTO's agreements and the WTO's principles, especially under the GATT 1947 Art XX, and other principles to protect the China forest sustainable development and to create the international environment for China forest. Keywords WTO's principles - China forest - Sustainable development CLC number S7-05 Document code B Biography: CAO Pei-zhong (1965-), male, Associate Professor of Shandong Agriculture of University. School of Laws and Literature. LLM of University of Canberra, one of ten lawyers with experience of almost ten years, sent by the Government in 2000, arbitrator and engineer. Chief of Shandong Agriculture University Laws Institution, publishing the papers abroad and in China medium At present, dealing with the project and rescarching on.international litigation, especially the WTO and EU law, is major the directionResponsible editor: Chai Ruihal

Analysis of volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results show that 38 volatile chemical components of RPR are determined, accounting for 95.21% of total contents of volatile chemical components of RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RPR are (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane-2-methanol, 4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and cyclohexadecane.

A Modified Certainty Coefficient Method(M-CF) for Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment:A Case Study for the Wenchuan Earthquake Meizoseismal Areas

In the meizoseismal areas hit by the China Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, the disasterprone environment has changed dramatically, making the susceptibility assessment of debris flow more complex and uncertain. After the earthquake, debris flow hazards occurred frequently and effective susceptibility assessment of debris flow has become extremely important. Shenxi gully in Du Jiangyan city, located in the meizoseismal areas, was selected as the study area. Based on the research of disaster-prone environment and the main factors controlling debris flow, the susceptibility zonations of debris flow were mapped using factor weight method(FW), certainty coefficient method(CF) and geomorphic information entropy method(GI). Through comparative analysis, the study showed that these three methods underestimated susceptible degree of debris flow when used in the meizoseismal areas of Wenchuan earthquake. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a modified certainty coefficient method(M-CF) to reflect the impact of rich loose materials on the susceptible degree of debris flow. In the modified method, the distribution and area of loose materials were obtained by field investigations and postearthquake remote sensing image, and four data sets, namely, lithology, elevation, slop and aspect, wereused to calculate the CF values. The result of M-CF method is in agreement with field investigations and the accuracy of the method is satisfied. The method has a wide application to the susceptibility assessment of debris flow in the earthquake stricken areas.

Problems in Cross-border E-commerce Export Trade in China ＆ Countermeasure Analysis

As an emerging industry in China, cross-border e-commerce has enjoyed the leap-forward development, along with increasingly prominent problems. This paper aims at finding out the problems and related roots that hinder its development, through conducting an analysis on the export development of cross-border e-commerce, in order to look for solutions and countermeasures in favor of its sound development and to promote the liberalization development of foreign trade in China.

A Model Fitting Approach to Depict the Global Textile Trade

Since the mercantilism era, economists have built up trade theories to explain the rationale and patterns of world trade.In this paper, the explanatory power of the international product life cycle (IPLC) theory for describing the trends and patterns of the global textile trade, one of the most geographically dispersed export items in both developed and developing countries/regions, is discussed. Data at SITC two-digit level (SITC 65 ) were collected and time series regressions were performed to analyze the value trends and world shares of textile exports from 1990 to 2000 for selected developed economies. It was found that some developed economies have increased their world shares in textile exports, which indicated that global trade shift in the textile industry may not follow what the IPLC has suggested.

Natural Resources in Economies＇ Status Transition from ＇Periphery＇ to ＇Center ＇

This paper divides the history of global trade since 1000AD into three periods using Rahl Prebisch＇s center-periphery pattern and summarizes the effects of resource trade on periphery economies during each period. However, this paper argues that the resource curse paradox does not justify isolation between developing and developed countries. On the contrary, developing countries should be encouraged to integrate into the existing center-periphery pattern and achieve economic growth through resource trade. This paper supplements the existing literature＇s analysis of resource endowment＇s role in global trade and offers recommendations for resource-rich developing countries to avoid the resource curse, identify a viable path to development, and achieve sustainable development by harnessing natural resources more productively.

Auto

China's auto prices up in September on consumption tax China's automobile prices rose in September buoyed by an increased consumption tax that was aimed at curbing sales of high emission cars to save energy. Prices of domestically-made vehicles edged up 0.74 percent from August,a rise of 0.59 percent from a year earlier after

Trade Development and Global Crisis Influence

The purpose of this paper is to create a comprehensive analysis of the development of foreign trade in the global world, the process of divergence of exports and imports under the influence political and economic changes in Europe and the economic crisis in the world. Data from world public databases are summarized to a clear and understandable form. We analyzed the share of imports and exports （due to the global trade is presented） and its potential impact on the development of current account balance （CAB） for the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and China. Correlation coefficient timeline for the last decade of CAB and world trade is also presented to show the influence of trade flow in the world and the EU with respect to current account. The work emphasizes the clear and understandable processing of the required data, which are then formulated to make arguments and then used to make predictions of further development of world trade. From summarized data, future crisis can be predicted and impacts can be evaluated.

Early Age of Onset, Multiple Primary Malignancies and Poor Prognosis Are Indicative of an Inherited Predisposition to Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Familial Rather Than Sporadic Disease- An Update Based on 14- to 23-year Follow-up

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effects of an inherited predisposition to familial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC） through the comparison and analysis of the clinicopathologic differences between familial and sporadic ESCC cases. METHODS Differences in age of onset, prevalence rates of double primary ESCC, and survival rates between familial ESCC （n = 476） and sporadic ESCC cases （n = 1226） were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, familial ESCC cases showed a significantly younger age of onset （51.9±8.2 vs. 53.4 ±8.0, Pt.test = 0.00）, a significantly higher prevalence rate for double ESCC （2.73 % vs. 1.22%, adjusted with TNM：χMH2 = 4.029, P = 0.045）, and a lower survival rate than in sporadic cases （Pwald = 0.04）. The familial cases showed both a younger age of onset and poorer survival in most subgroups, and the differences were more marked in early-stage rather than in the .late-stage disease groups. CONCLUSION Theses findings confirm the existence of familial as opposed to sporadic ESCC. By the theory of the ＂two-hit＂ origin of cancer, these findings also suggest that the ＂first hit＂, a genetic predisposition, can affect the age of onset, number of primary carcinomas, and the prognosis for familial ESCC patients.

Environmental Effects of Foreign Trade and Its Spatial Variations in Mid-eastern Provinces and Cities of China

The studies on environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations are helpful to design and implement environmental protection countermeasures.In order to eliminate the adverse effects of insufficient observation values on the accuracy of regression results and dynamic information quantity of fitting equation during empirical study,panel data of the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China from 1985 to 2007 were selected based on the adjustment of classical regression model in this paper.Panel unit root test and panel cointegration analysis method were applied to investigating the environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China and its three groups divided by foreign trade dependence.The results show that all scale effects are positive,while all technical effects are negative and unable to counteract positive scale effects.Foreign trade development is regarded as an important cause for outstanding eco-environmental problems in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China.Total effects and structural effects are significantly different among different groups because of spatial variations in environmental policies,export destinations,source of FDI,etc.Following the principle of′coordinating generality and considering differences comprehensively′,it is essential to issue a series of policies and countermeasures corresponding to differences in regional environmental effect of foreign trade,in order to coordinate the relationship between foreign trade development and eco-environment in each region.

Physico-mechanical performance of debris-flow deposits with particular reference to characterization and recognition of debris flow-related sediments

To characterize and recognize the debris flow-related deposits,the physico-mechanical performance of four deposits from the Dongyuege(DYG),Shawa(SW),Jiangjia Gully(JJG),and Gengdi(GD)debris flows in southwest China is investigated through laboratory analyses and tests.The four debris-flow materials can all be remolded into coherent,homogeneous cylinders with high densification and strength–porosity of 25%-36%,mean pore-throat radius of 0.46-5.89μm,median pore-throat radius of 0.43-4.28μm,P-wave velocity of 800-1200 m/s,modulus of elasticity of 28-103 MPa,unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of 220-760 kPa,and cohesion of 65-281 kPa.Based on the comparison in slurryability and formability among debris-flow deposits,granular flow deposits,fluvial deposits,residual lateritic clay and loess,whether a sediment can be cast into competent cylinders for physico-mechanical tests can be regarded as a diagnostic evidence of old debris-flow deposits.The discrepancy in physico-mechanical properties among the four debris-flow deposits suggests that the combination of foregoing physico-mechanical parameters can characterize assembling characteristics of debris flow-related sediments including grain size distribution,mineralogy,and accidental detritus.Four deposited sediments above can be surprisingly classified as hard soil-soft rocks according to UCS,and the hard soil-soft rock behaviors can advance the further understanding of debris flows.

Policy Implications for Carbon Trading Market Establishment in China in the 12th Five-Year Period

Based on the survey of international emissions trading system （ETS） and quantitative analysis, policy suggestions on establishing a carbon ETS in China are presented in this study. Sectors sensitive to carbon prices, e.g., the power generation sector and the iron and steel industry, are given priority to be covered by the ETS. Interregional carbon trading should be carried out as early as possible. The cap of the ETS should be based on China＇s carbon intensity reduction target with the floor carbon price for the market being set in the beginning. Suggestions on the infrastructure of ETS are also proposed, including the national wide carbon measuring, reporting, verification system building. account registration system and the legislation to national

Share-Shift Analysis of Geo-Economic Pattern on Global Cereal Crops in Recent 50 Years

In recent 50 years, with the rapid development of international food trade, the geoeconomic pattern of cereal crops has changed tremendously which produced a significant impact on global food security. This paper attempted to analysis the production pattern and trade pattern of global cereals, especially three main crops of wheat, maize and rice by using the method of share-shift. Given the fact of almost every economic phenomenon is driven by their economic return behind them, this paper attempted to a further step into their economic pattern by examining their net trade flow. The results showed that from the view of production and trade, the geographic pattern of global cereals has changed greatly which can be described as developing countries has replaced developed countries and become the world's biggest cereals production and trading area. But when moving to the net trade flow, it turns out to be another story that can depicted as the regional fixation features of economic returns which can be convinced from the labor division of global cereals trade, among which developed countries acts as net trade profit area while developing countries as net trade output area, and their gap between net export and net import has been widening from the view of evolution trend. So what we learn from the evolution of geoeconomic pattern on this topic is that our place in global cereals trade system, and therefore alert us to concern not only on the pattern transition but also the economic meaning behind it, only by doing so can we learn to plan our food future more wisely and effectively.

Role of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the presence of serum autoantibodies and chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis.The pathogenesis of PBC involves environmental factors,genetic predisposition and loss of immune tolerance.In recent years,it has become univocally accepted that an inappropriately activated immune response is one of the most important factors in PBC.In this study,the role of autoimmunity in PBC is summarized and a feasible research orientation is recommended.

Review on the Trend for Development of World's Petroleum Refining Industry

This article introduces the situation related with the increasingly deteriorating crude quality, the demand for cleaner transportation fuels and clean production processes that the world＇s petroleum refining industry is faced with. This article also suggests that the trend for future development of global refining industry is focused on the economy of scale for the refineries and the oil processing units, the refining structure readjustment, integration of the oil refining and chemical production and formation of oil refining bases. The oil refining industry will uninterruptedly rectify its industry allocation and processing unit configuration and strive for the reduction of production cost through technical progress and management innovations to reduce the production cost, boost the profitability and sharpen the market competitive edge.

Run-to-run Optimization for Fed-batch Fermentation Process with Swarm Energy Conservation Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

An iterative optimization strategy for fed-batch fermentation process is presented by combining a run-to-run optimization with swarm energy conservation particle swarm optimization (SEC-PSO). SEC-PSO, which is designed with the concept of energy conservation, can solve the problem of premature convergence frequently appeared in standard PSO algorithm by partitioning its population into several sub-swarms according to the energy of the swarm and is used in the optimization strategy for parameter identification and operation condition optimization. The run-to-run optimization exploits the repetitive nature of fed-batch processes in order to deal with the optimal problems of fed-batch fermentation process with inaccurate process model and unsteady process state. The kinetic model parameters, used in the operation condition optimization of the next run, are adjusted by calculating time-series data obtained from real fed-batch process in the run-to-run optimization. The simulation results show that the strategy can adjust its kinetic model dynamically and overcome the instability of fed-batch process effectively. Run-to-run strategy with SEC-PSO provides an effective method for optimization of fed-batch fermentation process.