福建赛江“桑美”骤发洪水浅析与思考

简述赛江"桑美"台风暴雨洪水特征,并应用水文学原理结合赛江上游流域雨洪特性和洪后初步调查,分析揭示了本次骤发洪水暴涨的物理成因。进而从成因的视角在一定的时空范围内对类似洪水出现的可能性进行推估,提出应对可能风险的规避措施。

《周易》古经《涣》卦当为发洪水之义

《涣》卦当言发洪水。卦名"涣"意为洪水泛滥四散而冲击,即所谓发洪水。初六"马壮",谓洪水泛滥冲击,某人乘矫健壮实之马奔逃。九二"涣,奔其阶",谓洪水泛滥冲击,人奔跑上较高的阶地台地。六三"涣其躳",谓洪水泛滥,冲击某人。六四"涣其群",谓洪水泛滥,冲击众人。"涣其丘",谓洪水泛滥,冲击、包围、漫上高大的聚居之丘。"匪夷所思",谓洪水水量之大、烈度之高,远远超出人们平常想象和认知的程度。九五"涣其榦,大号",谓洪水泛滥,冲击修复城墙所用的榦木,民众惊慌呼号。"涣王居",谓洪水泛滥,冲击宫城内王的居处。上九"涣其洫",谓洪水冲击沟洫。"去逖出",谓洪水沿沟洫排出,远离而去。《衷》曰"是故占曰:……《涣》称而救",谓占《涣》卦发洪水之象,可明禹称扬上帝之命治水,救助民众之义。《衷》曰"《涣》以行权",意为占《涣》卦发洪水之象,可明禹治理洪水行使权力之义。

浅谈海河流域的洪水预报

提高洪水预报的精度和增加短期洪水预报预见期的关键,一是水情信息的质量以及接收处理速度,二是完整的、功能齐全的、使用方便的洪水预报系统,三是适合本地区的洪水预报模型及参数优化方法和实时校正方法等。

以抗击非传染性慢性疾病和农民贫困为关键点的健康驱动下泰国大米发展经验

近年来,非传染性慢性疾病的发病率迅速上升,已成为一个全球性的问题。过度食用简单的加工碳水化合物食品被认为是导致年轻人和老年人罹患非传染性慢性疾病的主要原因之一。全谷物米是碳水化合物、膳食纤维的重要来源,富含维生素、矿物质和抗氧化剂。然而,糙米的适口性是其在长期以白米消费为主的人群中被接受的关键因素。在初始阶段,我们成功培育出了水稻品种,其全谷物米芳香、柔软且白米具有较高的铁锌密度和中血糖指数(GI)。最成功的品种是独特的具有较软质构的黑紫色稻米,名为紫莓香米(Riceberry),富含蓝莓花青素等营养物质的稻米。针对富含膳食纤维、高抗氧化活性的稻米产品研发一直是学术界、实体部门和中小企业极为活跃的领域,目前共有关于紫莓香米相关的39项专利申请(18项已授权专利)、12项国际出版物、以及18700个与紫莓香米有关的YouTube视频。从2017年开始,紫莓香米已超越泰国Hom茉莉香米(Thai Hommali Rice)成为最受欢迎的产品开发选择原料,已有超过200种作为乳制品替代品、配菜、主餐食品、热饮料、烘焙食品和早餐麦片等的商业化食品和非食品产品。在第二阶段,我们成功地培育出了名为Pink+4的低血糖指数水稻品种,该品种具有对骤发洪水、水稻白叶枯病、稻瘟病和破坏性褐飞虱的首选抗性,适用于有机水稻生产。以紫色紫莓香米为原料的低GI米粉创新产品已成为功能性配料和功能性食品的下一个发展趋势。这些健康的稻米产品在全球具有较好的发展潜力,可以作为健康食品、无麸质、富含纤维、复杂碳水化合物和可持续有机农业的营养密集型产品。

Stormwater management of urban greenway in China

In order to improve the stormwater regulation functions of urban greenways on the basis of literature research and case study the relationships between urban greenway and low impact development LID and green stormwater infrastructure GSI are analyzed. Then the classification system of urban greenways is proposed based on their stormwater regulation function and the suitable technical measures for stormwater management which can be used in different kinds of greenways are selected. According to China’s urban planning system the greenway planning method combined with the urban drainage system is developed and the design methods of the greenway stormwater system and individual stormwater facilities are put forward. The relationships between the greenway stormwater system and other systems are also analyzed in terms of stormwater inlet vertical design and overflow.Finally the waterfront greenway and street greenway demonstration projects in Jiaxing City which adopts the above concept and method are introduced. The results show that the reduction rates of annual total stormwater runoff and average total runoff contaminants TSS of the stormwater system are not less than 30% and 40% respectively.

Estimate of CH_4 Emissions from Year-Round Flooded Rice Fields During Rice Growing Season in China

A special kind of rice field exists in China that is flooded year-round. These rice fields have substantially large CH4 emissions during the rice-growing season and emit CH4 continuously in the non-rice growing season. CH4 emission factors were used to estimate the CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice fields during the rice-growing season in China. The CH4 emissions for the year-round flooded rice fields in China for the rice growing season over a total area of 2.66 Mha were estimated to be 2.44 Tg CH…

System Development for Storm Surge Hazard Assessment Based on WebG IS for Tianjin Binhai New Area

It is imperative to develop a risk assessment system for quickly predicting storm surge disaster due to the vulnerability of Tianjin Binhai New Area. The flood routing model with user-defined breaches was firstly estab- lished based on the seed spread algorithm in order to achieve a rapid forecasting of storm surge flood information. Furthermore, fuzzy mathematics was utilized to identify the storm disaster grade, and the hazard mapping was con- ducted to visually obtain the hazard spatial and temporal distribution. Finally, the flood routing visuaUzation method was proposed based on numerical simulation of storm surge to achieve the reappearance scene of dynamic evolution process. The developed system can play a vital role in the management and decision-making of sea dyke mitigation engineering in Tianjin Binhai New Area.

Full 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling of Rainfall-induced Flash Floods

Mountain catchments are prone to flash flooding due to heavy rainfall. Enhanced understanding of the generation and evolution processes of flash floods is essential for effective flood risk management. However, traditional distributed hydrological models based on kinematic and diffusion wave approximations ignore certain physical mechanisms of flash floods and thus bear excessive uncertainty. Here a hydrodynamic model is presented for flash floods based on the full two-dimensional shallow water equations incorporating rainfall and infiltration. Laboratory experiments of overland flows were modelled to illustrate the capability of the model. Then the model was applied to resolve two observed flash floods of distinct magnitudes in the Lengkou catchment in Shanxi Province, China. The present model is shown to be able to reproduce the flood flows fairly well compared to the observed data. The spatial distribution of rainfall is shown to be crucial for the modelling of flash floods. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters reveal that the stage and discharge hydrographs are more sensitive to the Manning roughness and initial water content in the catchment than to the Green-Ampt head. Most notably, as the flash flood augments due to heavier rainfall, the modelling results agree with observed data better, which clearly characterizes the paramount role of rainfall in dictating the floods. From practical perspectives, the proposed model is more appropriate for modelling large flash floods.

Influence of Housing and Urban Development on Debris Flow Flooding and Deposition

Debris flows form deposits when they reach an alluvial fan until they eventually stop.However,houses located in the alluvial fan might affect the debris flow flooding and deposition processes.Few previous studies have considered the effects of houses on debris flow flooding and deposition.This study conducted model experiments and numerical simulations using the Kanako2D debris flow simulator to determine the influence of houses on debris flow flooding and deposition.The model experiments showed that when houses are present,the debris flow spreads widely in the cross direction immediately upstream of the houses,especially when the flow discharge is large or the grain size is small.Houses located in the alluvial fan also influence the deposition area.The presence of houses led to flooding and deposition damage in some places and reduced the damage in others.The simulation also demonstrated the influence of houses.Both the model experiment and the simulation showed that houses change the flooding and deposition areas.

STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY AND PRINCIPLE OF FLOOD CATASTROPHE IN THE CHANGJIANG DELTA AND ITS NEIGHBORING REGIONS IN THE LAST 2000 YEARS

Documented materials, especially those about flooding catastrophe, are abundant comprehensive and well-preserved, which makes possible the systematical collection of materials about historical document about climate evolution in Changjiang (Yangtze) Delta region and its neighboring areas. We make good use of the exceptional information to discuss the genesis and principle of flooding in this region. Analysis shows that the main flooding periods in the studied region in the last 2000 years were the Western Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. The periods with flooding peak values were the 4th century, 5th century, 7th century, 9th century, early 12th century, early 14th century, mid-15th century, and early 18th century A.D. Possibility of reappearance of flooding peak value in the early 21st century will be great, and the hazard prevention and the hazard reduction will be still hard.

Solar Forcing on Makkah AI-Mukaramah Flash Floods

Severe solar events manifested by highly energetic X-Ray events accompanied by coronal mass ejections and proton flares caused flash floods in Makkah AI-Mukaramab, A1-Madinah AI-Munawarah and Jeddah. The responses can be prompt, delayed or prompt-delayed, suggesting that the protons entered the troposphere either through the opening of a direct gate in the magnetosphere to the location concer.led due to magnetic reconnection, through the polar gates or through those two paths respectively. The authors suggest that there is a magnetic anomaly in Makkah AI-Mukaramah area which makes it liable to be subjected to flash floods. The width of the solar streams determines the width of the gate opened in the magnetosphere via magnetic reconnection and thus narrow streams affect only one location of the three cities while extended width streams can cause flash floods in all of Makkah AI-Mukaramah AI-Madinah AI Munawarah and Jeddah. In addition, the November 24-26 Jeddah flash flood could be attributed to a prompt event due to a moderately fast solar stream that arrived the earth on those days.

Abkhandari (Aquifer Management): a Green Path to the Sustainable Development of Marginal Drylands

Recurrent droughts and occasional floods are the facts of life in drylands. The presence of innumerable societies in deserts is the living proof that even the extremely dry environments are livable; the secret is how to adapt to the situation. Floodwater management, the most important art of sedentarized desert dwellers, is the secret of living with deserts. Floodwater irrigation alone, or in combination with the artificial recharge of groundwater （ARG）, has sustained the Persians for millennia. The scientists at the Kowsar Floodwater Spreading and Aquifer Management Research, Training and Extension Station in the Gareh Bygone Plain have been working since January 1983 to revive this ancient art and upgrade it to the level of science. A summary of important findings is provided as follows： 1. Debris cones and coarse alluvial fans are the best places for the ARG as they provide the potential aquifer for groundwater storage. The recharged water may be used for irrigation on the lower lying, fine alluvium; 2. Flood is not a proverbial curse but a blessing in disguise, and the turbid floodwater is the best resource for the sustainable development of drylands; 3. Translocation of fine clay minerals eventually makes the vadose zone impermeable. Planting deep-rooted, drought-resistent trees and shrubs, and introducing sowbugs （Hemilepistus shirazi Schuttz） are reliable methods to increase infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the ARG systems; 4. The moving sand stabilization is best achieved by spreading turbid floodwater onto them. Establishing of living windbreaks and planting of fodder trees and shrubs turn a sand menace into a verdant pasture; 5. The 10 year average of native forage yield in the ARG systems has been 445 kg·ha^-1·year^-1 as opposed to 92 kg·ha^-1.year^-1 for the control. At 4×4 m^2 spacing, Atriplex lentiformis （Torr.） Wats. can annually yield 1500 kg ha^-1 of dry matter and support 3 heads of sheep; 6. The stem- and fuel wood yield of 18 year old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. in the ARG system have been 4,684 and 781 kg·ha^-1.year^-1, respectively. The mean annual carbon sequestration of this tree has been 2.975 tons per ha; 7.Up to 80% of the diverted floodwaters reach the unconfined aquifer. As evaporation practically wastes large volumes of water in surface reservoirs, storing water underground is logical in deserts; 8. The high evaporation rate, the large sediment load, the environmental hazards, the undesirable social costs, the long time needed for the different phases of study, and the very large price tag make dam building the most hydro-illogical choice in deserts where the ARG is practicable; 9. Each 5.5 ha of the irrigated farm provides income for a family of 7.64 member and 0.38 employment opportunities for a farm hand. On average, 4-ha of an ARG system provides one full time job for irrigation farmers. The benefit： cost ratio for this project is 22; 10. The number of wells in the area affected by the ARG activities has increased lo-fold to 130 wells, the irrigated area has increased 8-fold to 1,193 ha, and 345 job opportunities have been created in 4 villages that surround the Station.

Response of Flash Flood Early Warning Critical Rainfall to Storm Pattern in South Branch of Censhui Watershed

Critical rainfall estimation for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood is an inverse rainstorm-runoff process based on warning discharge threshold for a warning station of interest in a watershed. The key aspects of critical rainfall include rainfall amount and rainfall duration. Storm pattern affects highly the estimation of critical rainfall. Using hydrological modeling technique with detailed sub-basin delineation and manual for design rainstorm-runoff computation, this study first introduced basic concept and analysis methods on critical rainfall for flash flood early warning, then, investigated the responses of flash flood warning critical rainfall to storm pattern. Taking south branch of Censhui watershed in China as an example, critical rainfall in case of typical storm patterns for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood were estimated at 3 warning stations. This research illustrates that storm pattern plays important role in the estimation of critical rainfall and enough attention should also be paid to storm pattern when making a decision on whether a warning to be issued or not.

Influence of Flow Regime on the Vegetation Zonation along Mountain Streams in the Western Cape, South Africa

Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in structure and species composition, are dominant along these river banks: Aquatic vegetation, Wetbanks, Palmiet, Scrub, Forest and Shrubland(Fynbos). The study aims to correlate the vegetation patterns to flooding patterns, in particular the inundation frequency and stream power. A problem arises: because these catchments are ungauged, like most mountain catchments, with the only weirs at the downstream end of the catchment. Discharge data at the weirs are extrapolated to the sites upstream by multiplication with a factor based on the size of the subcatchment that drains through a sample site. In this way, recurrence intervals for floods in mountain streams are derived. Discharges at sites are also calculated using bed roughness(Manning's n) and slope in straight sections with uniform flow conditions. Stream power is derived from the discharges calculated in this manner. The combination of stream power and recurrence intervals explains the occurrence of most vegetation types occurring on the banks, except for one type: Afromontane Forest. This type is probably more dependent on other factors, such as protection from fire and the depth of the groundwater table.

The Making of Water-Floating Seasonal Cuisine and Its Association to Tourism Development in An Giang Province

Floods have been popularly understood as the nightmares of human beings for their devastation causes. Floods in traditional Vietnamese minds are of the same type since ancient Vietnamese used a metaphor to address the floods in Red River Delta （Hanoi area） as un-auspicious marine spirit Thuy Tinh being defeated by the inland spirit Son Tinh in the legendary battle of life. Therefore, as being expressed in many cultures, floods are symbol of death and loss, and human beings have always attempted to get rich of or overcome the floods. However, the floods, under the awareness and pragmatic life of the people of An Giang Province as well as the whole Mekong River Delta （in Southern Vietnam）, the floods are considered as the sign of wealth and happiness. What makes the floods to be so auspiciously acknowledged, and how do people manage to ~exploit＂ the floods to enrich their life？ This paper is to investigate and generalize the approaches of utilizing the floods＇ resources to diversify their life, especially in cuisine culture. The research learns that the regularly stable floods in the Mekong River system strongly and positively affects the life of the local residents, and the community is further wise to exploit and transform the natural resources into their cultural world, mentally and materially, among which, ecotourism is a potentially prospective field

New Challenges and Opportunities for Flood Control in the Huai River: Addressing a Changing River-Lake Relationship

This paper addresses the change of the river-lake relationship in the Huai River and its causes due to environmental change and human activities. A preliminary analysis is made from three aspects: (1) the natural geographical change particularly captured by the Yellow River, (2) water conservancy project construction, and (3) socioeconomic development in the Huai River Basin. Key problems of changes in this river-lake relationship and the Huai River flood control are tackled, involving flood control and disaster alleviation ability of the Basin, engineering and non-engineering measurements applied to flood control and disaster mitigation, and water governance for adaptive management. Research shows that the Huai River is a rather complex one due to its complex geography with a hybrid wet and dry climate zoon, and higher population density. With the alternation of the river-lake relationship and socioeconomic development in the region, new problems keep arising, imposing new requirements on its sustainable water management. Thus, understanding the Huai River is a long and gradually improving process. Its future planning should keep absorbing new achievements of science and technology development, employing new technologies and methods, and gradually deepening our understanding of its fundamental principles. Water governance and adaptive water management will be new challenges and opportunities for the Basin in its river system change and flood control.

A Circular Economy Approach to Sustain the Souss River, Morocco, Ecosystem Services

This article discusses the role of the Souss river in disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and sustainable development through mainstreaming natural capital into macro-economic policies. The river course, rising from several headstreams in the high Atlas mountain and flowing westward for 180 km to the atlantic ocean is the beating heart of the Argan biosphere reserve. Its alluvial basin ensures the vital link between biodiversity and the population＇s utility functions for more than three million inhabitants. It is one of Morocco＇s most fertile regions where citrus fruits, vegetables, olives are grown beside an argan natural grove, and many of them are for export. Recent growing concern of local authorities tackles natural disasters and subsequent social issues associated to climate change, resource scarcities and flooding damages, especially after the 2014 flood events. This situation paved the way for local NGO incentives to embrace an ecological civilization approach for reconciliation with the Souss river. The local option adopted is to reverse the trend of intensive modem agriculture through a counterbalancing circular economy approach towards an agro-ecological producing pattern in order to sustain the river water balance.

Rain Water Utilizing System Combing Artificial Wetland and Urban Drainage System

The method of utilizing rain water has been well developed in foreign countries to realize the sustainable development of water recourse while the method is still at the initial level in China. When considering the increasing of water shortage and urban flood, the awareness of utilizing rain water, as an inevitable trend, has been applied to various engineering technologies. This article has analyzed the principle of conventional road drainage system and the application of artificial wetland technology, also proposed to combine the road drainage system and artificial wetland, as a complex drainage system, to utilize the urban rain water, decrease urban flood pressure, and improve urban micro environment. The calculation principle and method for the complex drainage system are included as well.

Multiple evidences indicate no relationship between prehistoric disasters in Lajia site and outburst flood in upper Yellow River valley, China

All around the world, ancient legends exist about the Great Flood, and the influence of the Great Flood in human evolutionary history is a hotly debated topic. In China, the legend of the prehistoric Great Flood and Yu the Great's flood control has a long history and is considered to be closely linked to the establishment of the Xia Dynasty. However, there is a lack of solid scientific evidence. Against this issue, some scholars have proposed that an earthquake around 1920 BCE in the Guanting Basin along the upper reaches of the Yellow River led to the creation of a lake by damming in the Jishi Gorge and that the outburst of water from that lake led to the massive flood in the Yellow River region. These studies provided new scientific evidence for the Chinese legend. In this paper, we date skeletal samples embedded in earthquake sand blasting from the Lajia site, analyze remains from natural disasters(such as earthquakes and floods) and also archaeological remains. In addition, we compared the skeletal samples dating with that of sediments from the dammed-up lake. Our results are inconsistent with those of previous scholars. The earthquake at the Lajia site occurred no earlier than 1800 BCE, and the dammed-up lake in Jishi Gorge had disappeared by 3600 BCE. Thus, the formation and outburst of the dammed lake, the sudden death of ancient humans at the Lajia site and the ancient earthquake were independent events occurring at different times. In addition, the massive flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River did not actually happen. Thus, we argue against and invalidate the hypothesis that the massive flood was related to Yu the Great's flood control and the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.