一种基于粗糙集的大规模语料库语言学知识发现模型

文中首先通过语言学特征表来对文本信息进行结构化处理 ,同时实现了对远距离约束的表示 ;然后借助于面向个体的数据泛化算法来去除语言学特征表中的冗余信息 ,并利用规则抽取算法过滤特征表中不一致的部分 ,从而为相应的自然语言处理任务建立了一个一致、高效的规则库。最后 ,本文研究了模型在汉语词义排歧以及音字转换中的应用 ,在采用了动态规则平滑算法后 ,分别获得了 0 .93和 0 .95的判别精度以及 0 .92和 0 .89的覆盖率 。

Vascular Calcification:Where is the Cure?

With the progress of aging,the incidence of vascular calcification(VC)gradually increases,which is correlated with cardiovascular events and all-cause death,aggravating global clinical burden.Over the past several decades,accumulating approaches targeting the underlying pathogenesis of VC have provided some possibilities for the treatment of VC.Unfortunately,none of the current interventions have achieved clinical effectiveness on reversing or curing VC.The purpose of this review is to make a summary of novel perspectives on the interventions of VC and provide reference for clinical decision-making.

中国档案事业史的内容主体、边界及其他

当前学界大多认为,中国档案事业史的主体是由历代档案和档案工作的演进与变迁以及档案学史构成的,但是前者在不同的历史时期所呈现的历史图景及内容结构还是有显著差异的。隋唐时期是重要的分界点。文章还讨论了可能仍为学界所忽视的“档案研究”与“档案学研究”的关系问题。

Pollination ecology in China from 1977 to 2017

China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.

An improved dual-polarized ratio algorithm for sea ice concentration retrieval from passive microwave satellite data and inter-comparison with ASI,ABA and NT2

The dual-polarized ratio algorithm(DPR)for the retrieval of Arctic sea ice concentration from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS(AMSR-E)data was improved using a contrast ratio(CR)parameter.In contrast to three other algorithms(Artist Sea Ice algorithm,ASI;NASA-Team 2 algorithm,NT2;and AMSR-E Bootstrap algorithm,ABA),this algorithm does not use a series of tie-points or a priori values of brightness temperature of sea-ice constituents,such as open water and 100% sea ice.Instead,it is based on a ratio(a)of horizontally and vertically polarized sea ice emissivity at 36.5 GHz,which can be automatically determined by the CR.aexhibited a clear seasonal cycle:changing slowly during winter,rapidly at other times,and reaching a minimum during summer.The DPR was improved using a seasonala.The systematic diff erences in the Arctic sea ice area over the complete AMSR-E period(2002–2011)were-0.8% ±2.0% between the improved DPR and ASI;-1.3%±1.7% between the improved DPR and ABA;and-0.7% ±1.9% between the improved DPR and NT2.The improved DPR and ASI(or ABA)had small seasonal diff erences.The seasonal diff erences between the improved DPR and NT2 decreased,except in summer.The improved DPR identified extremely low ice concentration regions in the Pacific sector of the central Arctic(north of 83°N)around August 12,2010,which was confirmed by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition.A series of high-resolution MODIS images(250 m×250 m)of the Beaufort Sea during summer were used to assess the four algorithms.According to mean bias and standard deviations,the improved DPR algorithm performed equally well with the other three sea ice concentration algorithms.The improved DPR can provide reasonable sea ice concentration data,especially during summer.

Taxonomy in the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB): Progress during the past decade(2008-2018) and perspectives on future development

The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80 th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae,Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches,and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.

New developments of the effect of melatonin on reproduction

In the past decades, a lot of advances in understanding the biochemistry and physiology of the pineal gland have been made. There is evidence that it interacts with many endocrine as well as non-endocrine tissues to influence their metabolic activity modulating many organs and functions. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in the brain and plays an important role in regulating the neuroendocrine system. This hormone is one of the major role players in the regulation of the circadian sleep-wake cycle. It is normally released from the pineal gland during the night in response to environmental changes in light. Studies have shown that melatonin plays a role in the regulation of many reproductive processes such as puberty, gonadal function, and pregnancy. Beside these, melatonin has been shown to be able to directly neutralize a number of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The main objective of this review is to provide comprehensive information about the new developments in melatonin research regarding its role in reproduction. A review of international scientific literature was done and a question-and-answer format was used in an attempt to convey comprehensive information in a simple manner. This review discusses evidence currently available relating to the effect of melatonin on reproductive processes. It deliberates the mechanism of action of melatonin, its effect on puberty, testicular and ovafunction, pregnancy, and oxidative stress. A growing body of scientific evidence is suggesting that melatonin plays an important role in reproductive function. It is therefore imperative to highlight the beneficial effects of this hormone in improving the reproductive processes.

Nanocellulose Composites—Properties and Applications

Nanocellulose composites combine the advantages of nanocellulose and composites. Recently, nanocellulose composites have been received more attentions due to their improved properties and promising broad applications. In the past, rapid progress has been made in the synthesis, properties, and mechanism of nanocellulose composites and potential applications were reported. There are a few reports on the increasing applications of nanocellulose composites with focus on the biomedical field, environmental field, electrode and sensor applications. In this article, the recent development of nanocellulose composites was reviewed via some typical examples. In addition to the synthesis methods, improved properties and potential applications were discussed. The problems and future applications of nanocellulose composites were also suggested.

Social network search based on semantic analysis and learning

Because of everyone＇s involvement in social networks, social networks are full of massive multimedia data, and events are got released and disseminated through social networks in the form of multi-modal and multi-attribute heterogeneous data. There have been numerous researches on social network search. Considering the spatio-temporal feature of messages and social relationships among users, we summarized an overall social network search framework from the perspective of semantics based on existing researches. For social network search, the acquisition and representation of spatio-temporal data is the basis, the semantic analysis and modeling of social network cross-media big data is an important component, deep semantic learning of social networks is the key research field, and the indexing and ranking mechanism is the indispensable part. This paper reviews the current studies in these fields, and then main challenges of social network search are given. Finally, we give an outlook to the prospect and further work of social network search.

Ocular drug delivery systems:An overview

The major challenge faced by today's pharmacologist and formulation scientist is ocular drug delivery. Topical eye drop is the most convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration,especially for the treatment of anterior segment diseases. Delivery of drugs to the targeted ocular tissues is restricted by various precorneal,dynamic and static ocular barriers. Also,therapeutic drug levels are not maintained for longer duration in target tissues. In the past two decades,ocular drug delivery research acceleratedly advanced towards developing a novel,safe and patient compliant formulation and drug delivery devices/techniques,which may surpass these barriers and maintain drug levels in tissues. Anterior segment drug delivery advances are witnessed by modulation of conventional topical solutions with permeation and viscosity enhancers. Also,it includes development of conventional topical formulations such as suspensions,emulsions and ointments. Various nanoformulations have also been introduced for anterior segment ocular drug delivery. On the other hand,for posterior ocular delivery,research has been immensely focused towards development of drug releasing devices and nanoformulations for treating chronic vitreo-retinal diseases. These novel devices and/or formulations may help to surpass ocular barriers and associated side effects with conventional topicaldrops. Also,these novel devices and/or formulations are easy to formulate,no/negligibly irritating,possess high precorneal residence time,sustain the drug release,and enhance ocular bioavailability of therapeutics. An update of current research advancement in ocular drug delivery necessitates and helps drug delivery scientists to modulate their think process and develop novel and safe drug delivery strategies. Current review intends to summarize the existing conventional formulations for ocular delivery and their advancements followed by current nanotechnology based formulation developments. Also,recent developments with other ocular drug delivery strategies employing in situ gels,implants,contact lens and microneedles have been discussed.

Application of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Environmental Stress Indicator for Vegetation Management

Adaptive vegetation management is time-consuming and requires long-term colony monitoring to obtain reliable results. Although vegetation management has been widely adopted, the only method existing at present for evaluating the habitat conditions under management involves observations over a long period of time. The presence of reactive oxygen species （ROS） has long been used as an indicator of environmen- tal stress in plants, and has recently been intensely studied. Among such ROS, hydrogen peroxide （H202） is relatively stable, and can be conveniently and accurately quantified. Thus, the quantification of plant H202 could be applied as a stress indicator for riparian and aquatic vegetation management approaches while evaluating the conditions of a plant species within a habitat. This study presents an approach for elucidating the applicability of H202 as a quantitative indicator of environmental stresses on plants, particularly for vegetation management. Submerged macrophytes and riparian species were studied under laboratory and field conditions （Lake Shinji, Saba River, Eno River, and Hii River in Japan） for H202 formation under various stress conditions. The results suggest that H202 can be conveniently applied as a stress indicator in environmental management.

Detection of α_(2u)-globulin in rat pup preputial gland by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

The α_ 2u-globulin,a soluble protein identified in the urine and preputial gland of adult male rat is reported to be pheromone carrier.The pup preputial gland plays a significant role in chemical communication for mother-young interaction;however,the presence of a pheromone-carrying protein in the pup preputial gland has not been confirmed.Therefore,the present study was carried out to identify the α_ 2u-globulin in the pup preputial gland by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF).The preputial glands of prepubertal rats were subjected to one-dimensional SDS-PAGE.In-gel trypsin digestion of a 18 kDa band was carried out and analyzed by MALDI-TOF.The results of a MASCOT search showed the presence of α_ 2u-globulin in the 18 kDa band.In contrast to the report of the synthesis of this protein only in adult rats,the identification of this protein in pup preputial gland is significant.The results suggest that synthesis of α_ 2u-globulin in the rat preputial gland starts in the prepubertal stage itself.In prepubertal rats,the preputial gland is a source of pheromone for performing anogenital licking behaviour by the mother rat.Since α_ 2u-globulin belongs to the lipocalin(ligand carrier)family,it might carry the volatile for processing pheromonal communication in mother-pup bonding in rat.

The Theory of Ideas and the Process of Thought Formation

Twenty four centuries after Plato＇s formulation of the theory of ideas, it is revealed to us today in all its modernity and far-sightedness. In fact, confronting some of the elements of the theory with recent scientific discoveries, one cannot be anything but astounded by the magnificent capacity of the Athenian philosopher＇s investigations of the perceptible and metaphysical world, a true precursor of the times

RELATIVITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

From the realism of science, and taking the guide of EINSTEIN’s Relativity as guide, this article called in question the present theory of the sustainable development by the rational thinking of philosophy and a close logic inference. It is found that there are many paradoxes to the theory. Through more deepening and meticulous inference, we arrived at philosophic language of science about the sustainable development. The sustainable development is "non-sustainable development", and the non-sustainable development is "the best sustainable development". While carrying out philosophical principle thinking and repeating science demonstration for the sustainable development, this article got further confirmation that the existence of human being at the minimum environment cost may help them obtain motive power of the sustainable development. In fact, this foundation motive power exists in the flow of development in different organization levels, meanwhile it exists in strategy of intuition living of the ancient people. Only in relative lower environment cost to live can we get the support system of science for the sustainable development, and be able really to achieve the basic goal of the sustainable development.

Current advances in solid free-form techniques for osteochondral tissue engineering

Osteochondral （OC） lesions are characterized by defects in two different zones, the cartilage region and subchondral bone region. These lesions are frequently associated with mechanical instability, as well as osteoarthritic degenerative changes in the knee. The lack of spontaneous healing and the drawbacks of the current treatments have increased the attention from the scientific community to this issue. Different tissue engineering approaches have been attempted using different polymers and different scaffolds＇ processing. However, the current conventional techniques do not allow the full control over scaffold fabrication, and in this type of approaches, the tuning ability is the key to success in tissue regeneration. In this sense, the researchers have placed their efforts in the development of solid free-form （SFF） techniques. These techniques allow tuning different properties at the micro-macro scale, creating scaffolds with appropriate features for OC tissue engineering. In this review, it is discussed the current SFF techniques used in OC tissue engineering and presented their promising results and current challenges.

Integrated site-specific quantification of faecal bacteria and detection of DNA markers in faecal contamination source tracking as a microbial risk tracking tool in urban Lake ecosystems

The presence of feacal-derived pathogens in water is responsible for several infectious diseases and deaths worldwide. As a solution, sources of fecal pollution in waters must be accurately assessed, properly determined and strictly controlled. However, the exercise has remained challenging due to the existing overlapping characteristics by different members of faecal coliform bacteria and the inadequacy of information pertaining to the contribution of seasonality and weather condition on tracking the possible sources of pollution. There are continued ef forts to improve the Faecal Contamination Source Tracking(FCST) techniques such as Microbial Source Tracking(MST). This study aimed to make contribution to MST by evaluating the efficacy of combining site specific quantification of faecal contamination indicator bacteria and detection of DNA markers while accounting for seasonality and weather conditions' eff ects in tracking the major sources of faecal contamination in a freshwater system(Donghu Lake, China). The results showed that the use of cyd gene in addition to lacZ and uidA genes differentiates E. coli from other closely related faecal bacteria. The use of selective media increases the pollution source tracking accuracy. BSA addition boosts PCR detection and increases FCST efficiency. Seasonality and weather variability also influence the detection limit for DNA markers.

MicroRNAs identification and bioinformatics analysis in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea using an integrated comparative and ab initio approach

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are a group of small, endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression levels. Previous studies have revealed that miRNAs play key roles in multiple biological processes, such as growth and development in both animals and plants. Computational identification is an efficient method for miRNA prediction in organisms with a reference genome before high-throughput miRNA sequencing experiments. In this study, we employed an integrated strategy combining the homology-based and ab initio approaches to predict miRNAs from the genome and transcriptome of large yellow croaker, one of the most commercially important marine fish in China and East Asia. A total of 418 miRNA molecules, including 287 miRNAs by the homology-based method and 131 miRNAs by the ab initio approach, were identified for large yellow croaker. Additionally, 16 053 target genes were predicted and annotated for Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) databases. Meanwhile, we analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) around large yellow croaker miRNA and found that the miRNA seed regions were significantly less prone to mutations, indicating that the miRNA sequences were under strict natural selection based on their essential regulation functions in living cells. Twenty-two SNPs were identified in large yellow croaker miRNA seed regions, which dramatically influenced the miRNA-gene regulation networks. This is the first reported miRNA detection from both the genome and transcriptome using the integrated strategy for large yellow croaker species, and the miRNA and SNP analyses in this work provide important resources and a reference for subsequent miRNA functional investigations in large yellow croaker.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:A severe complication of liver cirrhosis

This report presents a survey of current knowledge concerning one of the relatively frequent and severe complications of liver cirrhosis and associated ascites-spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Epidemiology,aetiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,diagnosis and present possibilities of treatment are discussed.

ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair osteoarthritis of knee joint

Previous studies have suggested that the transforming growth factor-β receptor ALK5 is crucial for articular chondrogenesis by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Here, the wild-type ALK5 plasmids were mutated by overlapping extended PCR and transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The knee joint osteoarthritis mouse model was constructed by cutting oft＂ the anterior cruciate ligament and divided into three groups： saline group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group. HE staining showed that the articular cartilage lesions were more serious of saline group compared with that of mesenchymal stem cell group, and this trend was more pronounced as time goes on. Immunohistochemical staining showed that although the expression level of type II collagen in all three groups down-regulated gradually upon time, its expression in ALK5-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells group was significantly enhanced compared with the other two groups. Micro-CT also suggested that ALK5 transfection of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells would promote repairing the knee cartilage lesions with arthritis of the mice. Although the osteoarthritis mechanism underlying a variety of factors work together, and the appropriate proportion of ALKS/ALK1 was also emphasized for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This work therefore demonstrated that ALK5 transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could be a promising stem cell therapy for repair of cartilage lesions.