Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our im...Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.展开更多
Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are “living” or “real life” systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, a...Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are “living” or “real life” systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO） and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientiifc and Cultural Organization （UNESCO） as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to iluminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.展开更多
文摘Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.
基金Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2013-XZ-22)
文摘Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are “living” or “real life” systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO） and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientiifc and Cultural Organization （UNESCO） as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to iluminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.
