半秋眠和非秋眠紫花苜蓿在华北地区生长适应性评价

以来自国内外50个半秋眠和非秋眠紫花苜蓿品种为研究对象,从农艺性状、营养价值和产量几方面作了分析。首先通过相关性分析表明:秋季植株再生高度与秋眠等级显著相关,以再生高度为标准将50个苜蓿品种分为4组,分析组间农艺性状差异,进一步对产量和营养价值作了分析,筛选出适合当地种植的优良品种。

Association of Polymorphisms of Leptin Gene with Body Weight and Body Sizes Indexes in Chinese Indigenous Cattle

PCR-SSCP was used to analyze the polymorphism of leptin gene in 539 samples of six cattle breeds, namely Nanyang （NY）, Qinchuan （QC）, Jiaxianred （JXR）, Xizhen （XZ）, Luxi （LX）, and Holstein cow （HOL） breeds. PCR products with a 330 bp were amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the frequencies of alleles A/B of NY, QC, JXR, XZ, LX, and HOL breeds were 0.558/0.442, 0.492/0.508, 0.571/0.429, 0.658/0.342, 0.591/0.409, and 0.615/0.385, respectively. The association of variations of leptin gene with growth traits in NY, QC, JXR breeds was analyzed. Some indexes of the individuals with genotype BB were higher than that with genotype AA and AB in NY breed, such as the indexes of body length, heart length, body weight, hucklebone width, body height, and average day gain. The height at hip cross of the individuals with genotype BB was higher than that of those with genotype AA and AB in QC breed （P 〈 0.05）. So leptin gene may be one of the candidate genes for growth traits with height at hip cross, but not for body weight, heart length, and body length trait. However, the height at hip cross and hucklebone width of the individuals with genotype AB and BB were higher than that of those with genotype AA in JXR breed （P 〈 0.05）, but the difference was not statistically significant in body weight and body sizes （body height, body length, and heart length）. And the polymorphisms in leptin gene were caused by G→T transversion at the 66th bp position, A→C transversion at the 67th bp position and G→T transversion at the 299th bp position. These results may be applied to marker-assisted selection of Chinese cattle breeds.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Physical Characters of Soil and Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching on soil physical characters, including soil temperature, soil moisture content and soil bulk density, and yield and yield components of sweet potato. The results showed that plastic filming mulching increased soil temperature. Considering the soil temperature-increasing effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. However, with the deepening of soil layer, the warming effect of plastic film mulching was weakened. Black or white plastic film mulching was conducive to low T/R value, especially in the early growth stage of sweet potato. Plastic film mulching significantly improved the storage root yield of sweet potato. In terms of yield-improving effect, the treatments ranked as black plastic film treatment 〉 white plastic film treatment 〉 control. The storage root num- ber per plant showed a downward trend, but the weight of single storage root was increased.

亚热带山地草甸土性态的变异及其在中国土壤系统分类中的地位

为了解我国亚热带地区山地草甸土性态的变化和成土特点,从福建、浙江、江西、安徽、湖南和贵州等省采集了20个代表性山地草甸土剖面,详细观察了土壤剖面形态特征,分析了土壤颗粒组成、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸度、氧化铁形态和黏土矿物类型等指标,并从诊断分类的角度探讨了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的地位。结果表明:这一地区的山地草甸土表层有机质积累均非常明显,颜色普遍呈黑色和深褐色,土壤酸化明显,土壤氧化铁游离度多在40%以下,土壤CEC较高。但研究也发现,不同样点之间土壤的土体厚度、剖面构型、黏化状况、有机质垂直分布、氧化铁含量、矿物类型及其诊断层和诊断特性均有较大的差异。土体构型大致有Ah-C、Ah-Bw-C、Ah-Bt-C和Ah-G-C等4类。根据中国土壤系统分类的诊断标准,可把研究的20个剖面归并为均腐土、潜育土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土等5个土纲,下续分为6个亚纲、10个土类和15个亚类。研究认为,在地理发生分类中笼统地把这些土壤归为一个土类存在边界不明确等问题。

贵州雷公山土壤发生学性状的垂直变化特征研究

为了解我国亚热带山地土壤发生学性状随海拔的垂直变化特点,选择位于亚热带常湿润气候区的贵州省雷公山作为研究对象,调查与采样分析了不同海拔高度的17个土壤剖面的理化性状及其与海拔的关系。结果表明,雷公山土壤的众多发生学性状与海拔高度存在显著的相关,随着海拔的升高,呈现土壤矿物质风化减弱而有机质和养分积累增强的变化趋势。表土层厚度、砾石、有机质、全氮和全磷含量、腐殖质的H/F比,土壤粉砂含量、粉黏比、CEC、ba值、氧化铁活化度、黏粒Sa值、黏粒矿物中蛭石和云母相对比例均随海拔的升高而增加;而土体厚度、表土胡敏酸比值、土壤黏粒含量、游离氧化铁含量、氧化铁游离度和黏粒矿物中高岭石相对比例则随海拔升高而下降。研究土壤酸化明显,pH和盐基饱和度普遍较低,随海拔升高的变化趋势不明显。研究认为,雷公山地区土壤发生学性状主要受现代成土环境影响,随海拔变化的温度可能是控制这一地区土壤空间变异的主要因素。区内土壤主要发生学性状随海拔升高呈波动状变化,多数发生学性状具有协同变化的特征;不同地理发生学分类土壤带间发生学性状存在一定的差异。根据中国土壤系统分类,研究区土壤类型主要为淋溶土和雏形土,二者也不存在海拔上的明显分界,而呈现复合分布。

The role of botanical gardens in scientific research, conservation, and citizen science

Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world＇s vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricul- tural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world＇s plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, inJex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches （among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Alliurn, Ne- penthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations）, as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future chal- lenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including： the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.

Priapism secondary to penile metastasis of rectal cancer

Metastatic penile carcinoma is rare and usually originates from genitourinary tumors. The presenting symptoms or signs have been described as nonspecific except for priapism. Rectal adenocarcinoma is a very unusual source of metastatic penile carcinoma. We report a case of metastatic penile carcinoma that originated from the rectum. Symptomatic improvement occurred with palliative radiotherapy.

Pollination ecology in China from 1977 to 2017

China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.

Taxonomy in the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB): Progress during the past decade(2008-2018) and perspectives on future development

The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80 th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae,Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches,and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.

Effects of Different Phosphorus Application Rate on the Growth and Development, Yield and Quality of Tobacco in Yongzhou Area

In order to explore the optimal phosphorus application rate of tobacco in Yongzhou area and provide scientific basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in tobacco production,field plot experiments with 4 phosphorus application rates were conducted to study the effects of different phosphorus application rate on the growth period,agronomic characters and economic characters of tobacco.The results showed that when the nitrogen fertilizer,phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer was 135,135 and 418.5 kg/hm2,respectively,namely the ratio of 1∶1∶3.1,the field growth period was the shortest,only 107 d;the agronomic characters and physical indexes showed good results in their performance;the ratio of superior tobacco leaves,average price and output value were 49.36%、26.04 yuan/kg and 56064.12 yuan/hm2 respectively,significantly higher than that of other treatments.Therefore,the suitable phosphorus application in Yongzhou tobacco area was 135 kg/hm2.In conclusion,rational phosphorus application rate was conducive to accelerating the growth and development of tobacco plant and early harvest;it could also effectively increase the output value and yield of tobacco leaves and was more conducive to the formation of high-quality tobacco leaves.

Research Progress of High Yield Cultivation Mode of Rice

Optimized high-yielding cultivation is of great significance to ensure stable and high yield of rice in China. This paper reviewed several super high-yielding cultivation modes, analyzed the effects of different cultivation modes on rice agronomic traits and physiological characteristics, and discussed the advances in rice mechanized cultivation and mode. Finally, the future development prospects of rice cultivation were put forward.

Improving Linear Type Traits to Improve Production Sustainability and Longevity in Purebred Sahiwal Cattle

In order to determine various traits which need to be improved for improving the productive life span and longevity, purebred Sahiwal cows available at bull mother experimental farm and cattle breeding farm located at Veterinary College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India were used. For present investigation, 17 linear type traits were measured, scaled and scored as per the guidelines of International Committee for Animal Recording （2001）. The average score point （ASP） under 1-9 point scale score system along with respective observed group for different linear type traits were stature （6.88; taller）, chest width （5.30; intermediate）, body depth （4.11; intermediate）, rump angle （4.27; intermediate）, rump width （5.09; intermediate）, rear leg set-side view （4.55; intermediate）, rear leg set-rear view （5.95; intermediate）, foot angle （5.66; intermediate）, udder depth （5.71; intermediate）, rear udder height （4.90; intermediate）, udder balance （5.27; intermediate）, udder cleft （3.75; intermediate）, fore udder attachment （5.55; intermediate）, teat length （3.54; intermediate）, fore teat placement （5.33; intermediate）, rear teat placement （6.37; intermediate） and teat thickness （2.76; narrow）. For most of the traits, ASP which lies near midpoint （i.e. near five） is known to be ideal for dairy type cattle. Moreover, some traits also showed the presence of undesirable ASP. Hence, the traits such as body depth, rump angle, foot angle, udder depth, rear udder height, udder cleft, fore udder attachment, teat length, and teat thickness needs to be improved for improving the production sustainability and herd life of Sahiwal cattle. Thus, present investigation gives explicit clue to incorporate these conformation traits in selection program of this valuable germplasm commonly found in Southern part of Asia （India, Pakistan, Srilanka, etc.）.

水耕时间对低丘水田土壤发育的影响

【目的】了解水耕时间对亚热带低丘水田土壤性态的影响,对水耕土壤进行正确分类。【方法】在浙江省金衢盆地内选择坡麓和岗地二种地貌单元,观测不同水耕时间的第四纪红土发育水田土壤的剖面形态特征,分层采集土样分析土壤理化性状。【结果】随着水耕时间的增加,土壤颜色由红转黄,色调由2.5YR向7.5YR或10YR演变;表层土壤黏粒含量逐渐下降,有机质与全磷及有效磷积累,pH、阳离子交换量和活性铁逐渐增加,土壤游离氧化铁逐渐下移淀积;水耕时间对土壤性状的影响由表层向心土层发展。调查表明,由于水分条件的差异,水耕时间对坡麓地带水田土壤性状的影响大于岗地水田。【结论】由第四纪红土旱地改为水田,形成典型水耕人为土约15 a,形成铁聚水耕人为土约150 a以上,水耕时间低于150 a主要形成简育水耕人为土;随着水稻种植时间的增加,活性有机质占有机质的比例随有机质积累同步增加,水稻土心土层具有较强的固碳潜力。

Research on the Development Status and Strategy of Productive Rooftop Gardens on Commercial Complexes

The introduction of productive gardens on public building roofs is an active way to use urban idle space. It has ecological, economic, and social values and helps alleviate many urban problems caused by the rapid advancement of land urbanization. This paper takes the productive rooftop garden of an urban commercial complex as an example, and assesses its development status based on methods including ArcGIS, field research, and questionnaire interviews, combined with the overall aspects of the country and key case analysis. The results indicate several key aspects of the current status of such gardens in China.(1) As affected by natural and social factors, the current spatial distribution of productive rooftop gardens of commercial complexes in Chinese mainland is uneven, with 84.21% located in the southeast coast and the Sichuan region.(2) The operation and development of this type of productive landscape is in good shape. The number of rooftop gardens has continued to increase since 2013, and the scale is generally greater. Currently, the business model which combines nature education and parent-child amusement experience activities is the most stable.(3) Cases in good operating condition tend to have relatively related characteristics in layouts, traffic functions, landscape elements, and space design.(4) Questionnaire interviews show that citizens are highly willing to participate in rooftop productive landscapes, while operators still experience challenges in policies, funds, and planting knowledge in practice. This paper analyses the existing problems in the development status and strategy of the rooftop productive landscape. It proposes complementary optimization strategies to serve as a reference for the rooftop design of commercial complexes and the utilization of a significant amount of idle space on the roofs.

Comparative analysis of intermuscular bones in fish of different ploidies

We documented the number, morphology, and distribution of intermuscular bones in five fishes of different ploidy： Carassius auratus （Abbr.WCC, 2n=100）, Carassius auratus variety PengZe （Abbr.PZCC, 3n=150）, improved triploid crucian carp （Abbr.ITCC, 3n=150）, improved red crucian carp （Carassius auratus red var., Abbr.IRCC, , 2n=100）, and improved allotet- raploids （Abbr.GAT, （, 4n=200）. The number of intermuscular bones in WCC, PZCC, and GxAT ranged from 78 to 83 （n =81）, 80 to 86 （n =84）, and 77 to 84 （n=82）, respectively. The numbers in ITCC and IRCC were significantly lower, ranging from 77 to 82 （ n =79） and 58 to 77 （ n =71）, respectively. The average number of intermuscular bones in each sarco- mere, ranked in order from highest to lowest, was 0.721 （WCC）, 0.673 （PZCC）, 0.653 （GAT）, 0.633 （ITCC）, and 0.608 （IRCC）. There was no difference between ITCC and GxAT or between GxAT and PZCC. However, the average number of intermuscular bones in the sarcomeres of ITCC, WCC, and PZCC differed significantly, as did that of IRCC and the four other kinds of fish. The intermuscular bone of these five fishes was divided into seven shape categories, non-forked （I）, one-end-unequal-bi-fork （）, one-end-equal-bi-fork （Y）, one-end-multi-fork, two-end-bi-fork, two-end-multi-fork, and tree- branch types. Generally, the morphological complexity was higher in the anterior intermuscular bones than in the posterior body. The number of intermuscular bones was similar but not equal between the left and right sides of the body. ITCC had sig- nificantly fewer intermuscular bones than either WCC or PZCC, making it of greater commercial value. Additionally, IRCC and ITCC had fewer intermuscular bones than WCC. Our observations are significant in both fish bone developmental biology and genetic breeding.