马克思人的本质理论的发生学底蕴及其当代意义

马克思关于人的本质的理论从根本上说是“发生”论，这种“发生”性质在《手稿》中初露端倪；在《提纲》中原则性揭示；在《形态》中则作了具体阐发。揭示马克思人的本质理论的发生学意蕴有助于正确评价该理论的历史地位，有助于深化国内的人学研究。

A Summary of Ratoon Rice Production Technology in Southwest Ecotope of China

This paper focus on the ratoon rice, which with the features of south Chi-na paddy cultivation technology. First, the development of the technology research on ratoon rice in southwest ecotope of China was briefly reviewed. Second, the key technical measures of the ratoon rice production were described in detail. At last, the application effect of the ratoon rice production technology was described accu-rately, which based on the production practice in recent years. The purpose of this article is promoting the research and extension of the ratoon rice technology more widely in world’s main rice-producing areas, especial y in the suitable area where the light and heat resources are rich.

Effects of FCMP Compound Fertilizer on Development and Yield of Early Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of FCMP compound fertilizer on growth, development and yield of early rice. [Method] Based on lower-graded phos- phate resource, effects of FCMP compound fertilizers on yield and growth of early rice in a field were researched. [Result] FCMP compound fertilizers 0, 1 and 2 en- hanced rice yield, increasing by 21.86%, 20.25% and 13.46%, compared with the rice applied with conventional fertilizer; number of productive ears and grain number per ear in unit area were improved by FCMP compound fertilizer, for example, the two factors achieved the highest with FCMP compound fertilizer 1, increasing by 11.70% and 19.63%. Furthermore, FCMP compound fertilizer promoted plant height and tiller number, maintained high photosynthetic efficiency, enhanced lodging-resis- tance and guaranteed stable and high yield. [Conclusion] The research is of theoret- ical and practical significance for further exploration of production techniques and application of FCMP compound fertilizer.

Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

Study on Grafting and Cultivation of ‘Spartan'Blueberry

The results of grafting improvement and cultivation trials in the Yangtze River Delta of China showed that the rootstock cultivar had a great influence on plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＂Spartan＂ blueberry. Among the seven rootstock-scion combinations, the northern highbush blueberry （Vaccinium corymbosum） cultivar ＂Croaton＇-＇Spartan＇ combination showed well-healed graft unions, large branch amount, early fruit bearing, high yield, excellent fruit quality and almost no tillers. As a kind of rootstock, ＂Croaton＇ was better than non-grafted ＇Spartan＇ and the two rabbiteye blueberry cultivars ＇Premier＇ and ＇Gardenblue＇. The grafting pattern showed no significant stimulating effect on the plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry in this area, but the overall performance of greenwood cleft grafting was better than that of inlaid bud grafting. Suitable rootstock cultivar and grafting pattern significantly improve plant arowth and development, fruit vield and aualitv of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry.

Advances in the Research and Development of Acrylic Acid Production from Biomass

The shortage of petroleum has resulted in worldwide efforts to produce chemicals from renewable resources. Among these attempts, the possibility of producing acrylic acid from biomass has caught the eye of many researchers. Converting the carbohydrates first to lactic acid by fermentation and then dehydrating lactic acid to acrylic acid is hitherto the most effective way for producing acrylic acid from biomass. While the lactic acid fer- mentation has been commercialized since longer times, the dehydration process of lactic acid is still under development because of its low yield. Further efforts should be made before this process became economically feasible. Because of the existence of acrylic acid pathways in some microorganisms, strain improvement and metabolic engineering provides also a possibilitv to produce acrylic acid directly from biomass by fermentation.

Ontogenetic development in the morphology and behavior of loach(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) during early life stages

Loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus） is a commercially important fish in China and an ideal aquaculture species. However, culturists experience high larval and juvenile mortality during mass production. To provide insight into ways to improve larviculture techniques, we describe the morphological characteristics and behavior of loach during the larval and early juvenile stages. Yolksae larvae ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mm body length （BL） between days 0 to 4; preflexion larvae ranged from 3.6 to 5.5 mm BL between days 4 to 6; flexion larvae ranged from 4.8 to 8.1 mm BL between days 5 and 14; and post-flexion larvae ranged from 7. l to 15.7 mm BL between days 11 to 27; the minimum length and age of juveniles was 14.1 mm BL and 23 d, respectively. Loach are demersal from hatch through to the early juvenile stages. A suite of morphological characteristics （e.g., external gill filament and ventral mouth opening） and behavioral traits have developed to adapt to demersal living. We observed positive allometric growth in eye diameter, head length, head height, and pectoral fin length during the early larval stages, reflecting the priorities in the development of the organs essential for survival. Our results provide a basis for developing techniques to improve the survival of larval and juvenile loach during mass production.

Yields of Polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHAs） during Batch Fermentation of Sugar Cane Juice by Alcaligenes latus and Alcaligenes eutrophus

In this work, sugar cane juice was fermented to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHAs） by Alcaligenes latus TISTR 1403 and A. eutrophus TISTR 1095. The juice was characterized and composed of total sugars 105.5 g·L^-1 （sucrose 36.6g·L^-1 , fructose 26.0g·L^-1 , glucose 21.8g·L^-1 and other sugars 21.1g·L^-1 ）. Each inoculums （ 10%, v/v） was separately cultivated in the medium containing 20g·L^-1 total sugars under condition （30℃, 200 rpm, pH 6.5-7）. It was found that the A. eutrophus can be grown better than the A. latus. Only the A. eutrophus was further cultured under different total sugar concentrations （20, 30, 40 and 50g·L^-1 ）. The optimal contents of total sugar, dry cell mass （DCM） and maximum PHAs were obtained at 50g·L^-1 , 6.013g·L^-1 and 1.84g·L^-1 , respectively after 60 h fermentation which were converted to biomass yield （Yx/s）, product yield （Yp/5）, specific product yield （Yp/x） and productivity of 0.163, 0.05, 0.306 and 0.031 g.Llhl. Large scale of PHAs production was conducted in 5 L fermentor using the optimal condition obtained under 30% dissolved oxygen. The DCM and the maximum PHAs were 5.881g·L^-1 and 1.281g·L^-1 which were calculated to values of Yx/s, Yp/s, Yp/x and productivity at 0.19, 0.04, 0.218 and 0.021g·L^-1 , respectively.

A HIGH PERFORMANCE UWB LFM WAVEFORM GENERATOR

In this paper, the design and implementation of a high performance Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) waveform generator at Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) band are introduced. Firstly, the design ideas for a high performance UWB LFM waveform generator are described. Then, a generation scheme for UWB LFM waveforms is presented according to the baseband digital generation method combining with the bandwidth ex-tension method via frequency doubling. An experimental system has been implemented and tested. The results show that the UWB LFM waveform generator achieves very high performance.

Ecological Footprint Dynamics of Yunnan, China

A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified.

Hydrogen producting characteristics by a novel strain of bacteria-ethanoligenens sp. B49

The objective of this work is to investigate the fermentation capacity and metabolic characteristics of a novel strain of bacteria B49 isolated from anaerobic activated sludge. The examination was conducted in batch culture at 35 ℃. The results showed that the carbon flow gave priority to the production of ethanol, and yield of ethanol is always greater than that of acetic acid. The hydrogen and ethanol occurred simultaneously. The exponential phase of the B49's cell growth was from 12 to 22 h. Evolution of hydrogen appeared to start after the exponential phase of cell growth and reach maximum production at the early stationary phase. The rate of hydrogen production reached a maximum of 16.8 mL/h, and the percentage of hydrogen gas in the headspace of serum bottle obtained a maximum of 41 % at 22 h. The B49 was able to grow using molasses as substrate for cell growth. When the molasses was used as substrate, maximum yield of hydrogen was obtained 2460 mL/L culture at 2 % (V/V) of molasses. The hydrogen yield was increased to 3060 mL/L culture after addition of 0.5 g/L of yeast extract in the molasses medium and the yield of hydrogen was increased by 24.4%.

Tea saponins affect in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid

The effect of tea saponins (TS) on rumen fermentation and methane emission was examined using an in vitro gas production technique named Reading Pressure Technique. Three levels of TS addition (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg/ml) were evaluated in the faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Compared to the control, TS addition decreased the 24 h gas production in the faunated rumen fluid, but had a minor effect on gas yield in the defaunated rumen fluid. The TS significantly reduced methane production in vitro. In the faunated rumen fluid, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/ml TS decreased the 24 h methane emission by 12.7% or 14.0%, respectively. Rumen fluid pH value was affected neither by TS addition nor by defaunation. The TS addition had only minor effects on volatile fatty acids, but the yield and pattern of volatile fatty acids were greatly affected by defaunation. While the molar proportion of acetate was not affected by defaunation, the propionate was significantly increased and the butyrate significantly decreased. Ammonia-N concentration and microbial protein yield were influenced by TS inclusion and defaunation. Inclusion of 0.4 mg/ml TS increased the microbial protein mass by 18.4% and 13.8% and decreased the ammonia-N concentration by 8.3% and 19.6% in the faunated and defaunated rumen fluid, respectively. Protozoa counts were significantly reduced by TS inclusion. The current study demonstrated the beneficial effect of TS on methane production and rumen fermentation, and indicated that this may be due to the effect of the associated depression on protozoa counts.

Status quo and prospect of the development for underground coal mine refuge chamber

As one form of the energy resources, coal is becoming more and more important. Due to the particularity in coal mine production, mine accidents some time occur in countries all over the world, which result in large casualties and economic losses. As equipment that can provides the miners with an emergency shelter when the coal mine accidents occur, the under ground coal mine refuge chamber is paid more and more attention by coal mine enterprises, and the application of the refuge chamber is increasingly widespread. The general functions, the classification, and the successful applications of the underground coal mine refuge chamber are illustrated first, and the research significance on the tmderground coal mine refuge chamber is stated. Following, the development status quo at home and abroad for the refuge chamber is introduced. Then, the implementation methods for the key functions of the underground coal mine refuge chamber are demonstrated. Finally, the prospect for the development of the underground coal mine refuge chamber is stated.

Banshan Gas-Fired Turbine Generator Set Put into Operation

No.1 generator set of Banshan gas-fired power generation project, which is the first 9 FA heavy-duty gas turbine generator set in China that has drawn much attention, was successfully put into operation and merged into power grid at 21：30 in June 2, three months ahead of schedule.

Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Water Hyacinth Leaves for Ethanol Production

Water hyacinth is a raw material for long-term sustainable production of cellulosics ethanol. In this study, the acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were used to evaluate to produce more sugar, to be fermented to ethanol. Separated hydrolysis and fermentation （SHF） studies were carried out to produce ethanol from water hyacinth leaves. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were conducted to select the optimum pretreatment conditions. The optimum pretreatment conditions included T = 135 ℃, t = 30 min, and sulfuric acid concentration = 0.1 M. The residue was enzymatically hydrolyzed using the mixture of enzymes cellulase, xylanase and pectinase. The maximum enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic material （76.8%） was achieved. SHF by mono-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KM1195 achieved the highest yields of ethanol. Furthermore, ethanol production was accomplished with the co-culture ofS. cerevisiae TISTR5048 and Candida tropicalis TISTR5045 which produced the highest increase in ethanol Yield. In this case, the ethanol concentration of 3.42 （g/L）, percentage of the theoretical ethanol yield of 99.9%, the ethanol yield of 0.27 g/g and the productivity of 0.22 g/L/h were obtained. This suggested that mild acid pretreatment and co-cultureare promising methods to improve enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from water hyacinth.

Current treatment of rectovaginal fistula in Crohn's disease

Rectovaginal fistula(RVF) continues to be the most difficult perianal manifestation of Crohn's disease to treat.This devastating and disabling complication has a significant impact on patients' quality of life and presents unique management challenges.Current therapeutic approaches include many medical therapeutics and surgical treatments with a wide range of success rates reported.However,current evidence is lacking to support any recommendation.The choice of repair depends on various patient and disease factors and basic surgical tenets.In this article,we review the current options to consider in the treatment of Crohn's-related RVF,and try to evaluate their effects on fistulae closure and quality of life.

Optimization of Bacterial Doses and Incubation Time on Bio-Ehanol Fermentation of Nipah （Nypa fruticans） for Biofuel Energy

Nipah （Nypafruticans） is a species of palm trees that grows in mangroves environment near the sea shore. Nipah is potential to produce biofuel energy. The purposes of this research were 1） to determine the optimum bacterial concentration for fermentation to produce high concentration of bio-ethanol, and 2） to determine the optimum incubation time for fermentation to produce high concentration of bio-ethanol. The research had been conducted from June until November 2009 using nipah sap as the substrate and Saceharomyces cerevisiae as a fermentation starter. The experimental design used was a randomized block design （RBD）. Factors tested were starter concentration （5%, 7.5%, 10%） and incubation time （2, 4, 6 days）. The variables observed were concentration of reducing sugar, total microorganism （CFU/mL）, and bio-ethanol production. The results showed that the highest yield of bio-ethanol （8.98%） was produced with 7.5% of starter concentration and 6 days of incubation time.

Partial Characteristics of Hydrogen Production by Fermentative Hydrogen-producing Bacterial Strain B49

To investigate the characteristics of hydrogen production by a novel fermentative hydrogen-producing bacterial strain B49 (AF481148 in EMBL), batch experiments are conducted under different conditions. Hydrogen production has a correlation with cell growth and the consumption of glucose and soluble protein. The optimum pH for cell growth is 4.5±0.15. At acidic pH 4.0±0.15, the bacteria has the maximum accumulated hydrogen volume of 2382 ml/L culture and the maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 339.9 ml/L culture·h with 1% glucose. The optimum temperature for cell growth and hydrogen production is 35℃. In addition, fermentative hydrogen-producing bacterial strain B49 can generate hydrogen from the decomposition of other organic substrates such as wheat, soybean, corn, and potato. Moreover, it can also produce hydrogen from molasses wastewater and brewage wastewater, and hydrogen yields are 137.9 ml H 2/g COD and 49.9 ml H 2/g COD, respectively.

Effect of Fertilization in Organic Nursery for Later Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in the Orchard

There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.