Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed...Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed and compared with those of the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques. Theoretical analysis shows that the multi-antenna transmit diversity techniques provide considerable performance gain at the mobile receiver in the wireless channel with less inherent multipath diversity, especially the G4 coding based scheme. Compared with the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques with the same diversity order, the transmit diversity techniques introduce much more multi-access plus multipath interference and require measures of interference suppression in the multi-user environments.展开更多
UWB signal digitization depends, to a large extent, on the accuracy of sampling time. A highaccuracy programmable timer is therefore the key to implementing UWB signal data acquisition. A high-accuracy programmable ti...UWB signal digitization depends, to a large extent, on the accuracy of sampling time. A highaccuracy programmable timer is therefore the key to implementing UWB signal data acquisition. A high-accuracy programmable timer based on the principle of ramp generators is described in this paper. The counting range of the timer is up to 16 bits, the timing precision is 8 ps, and the equivalent sampling rate is up to 50G Hz. No other identical product has been reported so far. This timer was successfully used in the data acquisition system for geological radar signals developed by us.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to compare block-structured linear programming (LP) models against other practical optimization methods for solving downstream product refinery problems using a solution method different fro...The aim of this paper is to compare block-structured linear programming (LP) models against other practical optimization methods for solving downstream product refinery problems using a solution method different from the existing ones (like mixed integer linear programming (MILP) method). The work X-rays the Nigerian petroleum refining industries and their channel of distribution in the local setting and identifies the critical features of scheduling and allocation of refined crude products; either for distribution within the country or for exportation to the international market. Applying our model to the distribution model, the computational results reveal a better route with lowest transportation cost for the scheduling problem and the best optimal blend with higher revenue for the production problem.展开更多
Products of plant resistance ( R ) genes Pto and Cf contain distinct domains, and have different cellular localization. It is intriguing to compare the development mechanisms of resistance conferred by the t...Products of plant resistance ( R ) genes Pto and Cf contain distinct domains, and have different cellular localization. It is intriguing to compare the development mechanisms of resistance conferred by the two R genes. In the present report, two hypersensitive response (HR) initiation systems were employed to study the time_course expression induced by Avr / Cf interaction of the genes encoding Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 which interact directly with Pto: (1) Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) containing complementary gene pairs Avr 4/ Cf _4 and Avr 9/ Cf _9 were obtained through crossing. Their seedlings developed HR under room temperature. (2) Avr / Cf seedlings grew normally at 33 ℃. When the temperature was shifted down to 25 ℃, HR occurred within hours in the seedlings. Results of both experiments showed that expression of Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 was induced upon development of hypersensitive necrosis in Avr / Cf seedlings. However, the expression levels and patterns of these Pti s differed. This finding indicated that these Pti s function complementarily, and might be involved in regulation of both Pto and Cf _conferred resistance.展开更多
Classical software configuration management which deals with source code versioning becomes insufficient when most components are distributed in binary form. As an important aspect of software configuration, protocol ...Classical software configuration management which deals with source code versioning becomes insufficient when most components are distributed in binary form. As an important aspect of software configuration, protocol configuration also encounters those problems. This paper focuses on solving protocol component versioning issues for protocol configuration man- agement on embedded system, incorporating the following versioning issues: version identification, version description and protocol component archiving and retrieving based on the version library.展开更多
Control of the fed-batch ethanol fermentation processes to produce maximum product ethanol is one of the key issues in the bioreactor system.However,ethanol fermentation processes exhibit complex behavior and nonlinea...Control of the fed-batch ethanol fermentation processes to produce maximum product ethanol is one of the key issues in the bioreactor system.However,ethanol fermentation processes exhibit complex behavior and nonlinear dynamics with respect to the cell mass,substrate,feed-rate,etc.An improved dual heuristic programming algorithm based on the least squares temporal difference with gradient correction(LSTDC) algorithm(LSTDC-DHP) is proposed to solve the learning control problem of a fed-batch ethanol fermentation process.As a new algorithm of adaptive critic designs,LSTDC-DHP is used to realize online learning control of chemical dynamical plants,where LSTDC is commonly employed to approximate the value functions.Application of the LSTDC-DHP algorithm to ethanol fermentation process can realize efficient online learning control in continuous spaces.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of LSTDC-DHP,and show that LSTDC-DHP can obtain the near-optimal feed rate trajectory faster than other-based algorithms.展开更多
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), approximately 21 to 23 nucleotides (nt) in length, belong to a set of smal non-coding RNA molecules that were not thought to be functional until the recent decades. miRNAs play important roles ...MicroRNAs (miRNAs), approximately 21 to 23 nucleotides (nt) in length, belong to a set of smal non-coding RNA molecules that were not thought to be functional until the recent decades. miRNAs play important roles in many diseases such as various kinds of cancers and immune disorders. Many studies have focused on the relationship between miRNAs and diseases. miRNAs are significant mediators in human growth and development and in the genesis and development of diseases. Almost 30% of the activity of protein-coding genes is forecasted to be regulated by miRNAs in mammals, and some miRNAs are regarded as potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. In this review, we outline some functions of miRNAs, especialy those related to diseases.展开更多
Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the aticles submitted to the journ...Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the aticles submitted to the journal are grateful to the following reviewers for evaluating the articles (including those published in issue) during the last editing time period.展开更多
Large Scale multiple input multiple output(MIMO) systems have recently emerged as a promising technology for 5G communications.While they have been shown to offer significant performance benefits in theoretical studie...Large Scale multiple input multiple output(MIMO) systems have recently emerged as a promising technology for 5G communications.While they have been shown to offer significant performance benefits in theoretical studies,the large scale MIMO transmitters will have to be deployed in the limited physical space of today's base stations(BSs).Accordingly,this paper examines effects of deploying increasing numbers of antennas in fixed physical space,by reducing the antenna spacing.We focus on the resulting performance of large-scale MIMO transmitters using low complexity closed form precoding techniques.In particular,we investigate the combined effect of reducing the distance between the antenna elements with increasing the number of elements in a fixed transmitter space.This gives rise to two contradicting phenomena:the reduction of spatial diversity due to reducing the separation between antennas and the increase in transmit diversity by increasing the number of elements.To quantify this tradeoff,we investigate densely deployed uniform antenna arrays modelled by detailed electromagnetic simulation.Our results show the somewhat surprising result that,by reducing the separations between the antennas to significantly less than the transmit wavelength to fit more antennas,the resulting system performance improves.展开更多
Meeting deliverable deadline is a critical issue for successful organization. Last minute adjustments characterize software development due to many reasons including not testing thoroughly. XP (Practicing Extreme Pro...Meeting deliverable deadline is a critical issue for successful organization. Last minute adjustments characterize software development due to many reasons including not testing thoroughly. XP (Practicing Extreme Programming), which is an agile software development methodology, gives rise to the issue of pair programming. This paper aims at discussing the strengths and weaknesses of an Extreme Programming methodology by examining the characteristics of the 12 software development practices of the XP methodology. Working together will incur in a highly reliable functionalities to release. Furthermore, moving people around will allow the team to keep track of the whole project.展开更多
The Fox genes encode a group of transcription factors that contain a forkhead domain, which forms a structure known as a winged helix. These transcription factors play a crucial role in several key biological processe...The Fox genes encode a group of transcription factors that contain a forkhead domain, which forms a structure known as a winged helix. These transcription factors play a crucial role in several key biological processes, including development. High-degree identity in the canonical forkhead domain has been used to divide Fox proteins into 23 families (FoxA to FoxS). We surveyed the genome of three spiralians, the oyster Crassostrea gigas, the limpet Lottia gigantea, and the annelid Capitella teleta. We identified 25 C. gigas fox genes, 21 L. gigantea fox genes, and 25 C. teleta fox genes. The C. gigas fox and L. giganteafox genes represented 19 of the 23 families, whereas FoxI, QI, R, and S were missing. The majority of the Fox families were observed within the C. teletafox genes, with the exception of FoxR and S. In addition, thefoxAB-like gene,foxY-like gene, andfoxH gene were also present in the three genomes. The conserved FoxC-FoxL 1 cluster, observed in mammals, was also found in C. gigas. The diversity of temporal expression patterns observed across the developmental process implies the C. gigasfox genes exert a wide range of functions. Further functional studies are required to gain insight into the evolution of Fox genes in bilaterians.展开更多
This article describes the development of automatic control system on the basis of Festo "Compact Workstation" training stand. Such control systems are used in different branches of industry and infrastructure inclu...This article describes the development of automatic control system on the basis of Festo "Compact Workstation" training stand. Such control systems are used in different branches of industry and infrastructure including oil industry, chemical industry, water treatment, canalization and others. The stand allows realizing level, flow, pressure and temperature control systems, using pump, valves, discrete and analog sensors. Level control system is described in this work. PID (proportional integral derivative) controllers are used in these systems. Control is switched on and off and the parameters of control systems are changed by means of SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system. During real technological processes, these actions are performed by the operator. The algorithm of the control system is realized using PLC (programmable logic controller). At the end of the article conclusions about the research are drawn.展开更多
AIM: To analyze the MEDLINE-indexed publications in gastroenterology specialty journals from 2001 to 2007. Special attention was paid to specific types of articles, the number of publications for individual authors an...AIM: To analyze the MEDLINE-indexed publications in gastroenterology specialty journals from 2001 to 2007. Special attention was paid to specific types of articles, the number of publications for individual authors and the author count in each journal. METHODS: The bibliographic entries of papers belonging to journals listed under the subject heading of "gastroenterology" were downloaded from MEDLINE on the PubMed web site. The analysis was limited to journal articles published between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2007. The analytical dimensions of an article included journal, publication year, publication type, and author name (the last name and initials). RESULTS: According to MEDLINE, 81 561 articles were published in 91 gastroenterology journals from 2001 to 2007. The number of articles increased from 9447 in 2001 to 13 340 in 2007. Only 12 journals had more than 2000 articles indexed in MEDLINE. The "World Journal of Gastroenterology" had the largest number of publications (5684 articles), followed by "Hepato-Gastroenterology" (3036) and "Gastrointestinal Endoscopy" (3005). Of all the articles published, reviews accounted for 17.2% and case reports for 15.4%. Only 3739 randomized controlled trials (4.6% of all articles) were published and their annual number increased from 442 in 2001 to 572 in 2007. Among 141 741 author names appearing in the articles of gastroenterology journals, 92 429 had published only in one journal, 22 585 in two journals, 9996 in three journals, and 16 731 in more than three journals. The "World Journal of Gastroenterology " had the greatest number of authors (17 838),followed by "Gastroenterology " (12 770), "Digestive Diseases and Sciences" (11 395), "American Journal of Gastroenterology" (10 889), and "Hepatology" (10 588). CONCLUSION: Global gastroenterology publications displayed a continuous growth in the new millennium. The change was most striking in certain journals. Regular bibliometric analyses on the trends and specific topics would help researchers publish more efficiently and allow editors to adjust the policy more accurately.展开更多
In the English Restoration, the female body was a sexual object for male consumption. As De Lauretis (1987, p. 5) argued, the construction of gender is the product of its representation so that the construction of w...In the English Restoration, the female body was a sexual object for male consumption. As De Lauretis (1987, p. 5) argued, the construction of gender is the product of its representation so that the construction of woman's body followed those canons which encouraged patriarchal binary thought, where the feminine pole has always been regarded as the negative one. In The Rover Part I (1677) and II (1681), Aphra Behn stressed the ideological construction of"docile bodies" (Foucault, 1979, p. 137), forcing man to recognize the lady cavalier as a thinking agent. In these plays, woman rejects male's stereotypes, turning over the man's discursive constructions. The author's analysis has not the pretension to solve the many contradictions of a contradictory era but it will inspect female figures in The Rover Part I (1677) and II (168 l), in which emerges a ~'woman irreducible to the masculine subject" (Irigaray, 2000, p. 125)展开更多
基金TheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .60 3 90 5 40 ) .
文摘Several space-time coding based transmit diversity techniques for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with four transmitter antennas are investigated. Performances of the rake receivers are analyzed and compared with those of the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques. Theoretical analysis shows that the multi-antenna transmit diversity techniques provide considerable performance gain at the mobile receiver in the wireless channel with less inherent multipath diversity, especially the G4 coding based scheme. Compared with the multi-antenna receive diversity techniques with the same diversity order, the transmit diversity techniques introduce much more multi-access plus multipath interference and require measures of interference suppression in the multi-user environments.
基金This research is sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China,Special Fund of Scientific Instruments:The studyand development of flameproof ground penetrating radar (50127402).
文摘UWB signal digitization depends, to a large extent, on the accuracy of sampling time. A highaccuracy programmable timer is therefore the key to implementing UWB signal data acquisition. A high-accuracy programmable timer based on the principle of ramp generators is described in this paper. The counting range of the timer is up to 16 bits, the timing precision is 8 ps, and the equivalent sampling rate is up to 50G Hz. No other identical product has been reported so far. This timer was successfully used in the data acquisition system for geological radar signals developed by us.
文摘The aim of this paper is to compare block-structured linear programming (LP) models against other practical optimization methods for solving downstream product refinery problems using a solution method different from the existing ones (like mixed integer linear programming (MILP) method). The work X-rays the Nigerian petroleum refining industries and their channel of distribution in the local setting and identifies the critical features of scheduling and allocation of refined crude products; either for distribution within the country or for exportation to the international market. Applying our model to the distribution model, the computational results reveal a better route with lowest transportation cost for the scheduling problem and the best optimal blend with higher revenue for the production problem.
文摘Products of plant resistance ( R ) genes Pto and Cf contain distinct domains, and have different cellular localization. It is intriguing to compare the development mechanisms of resistance conferred by the two R genes. In the present report, two hypersensitive response (HR) initiation systems were employed to study the time_course expression induced by Avr / Cf interaction of the genes encoding Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 which interact directly with Pto: (1) Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) containing complementary gene pairs Avr 4/ Cf _4 and Avr 9/ Cf _9 were obtained through crossing. Their seedlings developed HR under room temperature. (2) Avr / Cf seedlings grew normally at 33 ℃. When the temperature was shifted down to 25 ℃, HR occurred within hours in the seedlings. Results of both experiments showed that expression of Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6 was induced upon development of hypersensitive necrosis in Avr / Cf seedlings. However, the expression levels and patterns of these Pti s differed. This finding indicated that these Pti s function complementarily, and might be involved in regulation of both Pto and Cf _conferred resistance.
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2002AA1Z2306) and HP Embedded Laboratory of Zhejiang University, China
文摘Classical software configuration management which deals with source code versioning becomes insufficient when most components are distributed in binary form. As an important aspect of software configuration, protocol configuration also encounters those problems. This paper focuses on solving protocol component versioning issues for protocol configuration man- agement on embedded system, incorporating the following versioning issues: version identification, version description and protocol component archiving and retrieving based on the version library.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61573052)
文摘Control of the fed-batch ethanol fermentation processes to produce maximum product ethanol is one of the key issues in the bioreactor system.However,ethanol fermentation processes exhibit complex behavior and nonlinear dynamics with respect to the cell mass,substrate,feed-rate,etc.An improved dual heuristic programming algorithm based on the least squares temporal difference with gradient correction(LSTDC) algorithm(LSTDC-DHP) is proposed to solve the learning control problem of a fed-batch ethanol fermentation process.As a new algorithm of adaptive critic designs,LSTDC-DHP is used to realize online learning control of chemical dynamical plants,where LSTDC is commonly employed to approximate the value functions.Application of the LSTDC-DHP algorithm to ethanol fermentation process can realize efficient online learning control in continuous spaces.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of LSTDC-DHP,and show that LSTDC-DHP can obtain the near-optimal feed rate trajectory faster than other-based algorithms.
基金Supported by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.C2009001151)
文摘MicroRNAs (miRNAs), approximately 21 to 23 nucleotides (nt) in length, belong to a set of smal non-coding RNA molecules that were not thought to be functional until the recent decades. miRNAs play important roles in many diseases such as various kinds of cancers and immune disorders. Many studies have focused on the relationship between miRNAs and diseases. miRNAs are significant mediators in human growth and development and in the genesis and development of diseases. Almost 30% of the activity of protein-coding genes is forecasted to be regulated by miRNAs in mammals, and some miRNAs are regarded as potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. In this review, we outline some functions of miRNAs, especialy those related to diseases.
文摘Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the aticles submitted to the journal are grateful to the following reviewers for evaluating the articles (including those published in issue) during the last editing time period.
基金supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering,UKthe Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Commission under grant number HARP-318489
文摘Large Scale multiple input multiple output(MIMO) systems have recently emerged as a promising technology for 5G communications.While they have been shown to offer significant performance benefits in theoretical studies,the large scale MIMO transmitters will have to be deployed in the limited physical space of today's base stations(BSs).Accordingly,this paper examines effects of deploying increasing numbers of antennas in fixed physical space,by reducing the antenna spacing.We focus on the resulting performance of large-scale MIMO transmitters using low complexity closed form precoding techniques.In particular,we investigate the combined effect of reducing the distance between the antenna elements with increasing the number of elements in a fixed transmitter space.This gives rise to two contradicting phenomena:the reduction of spatial diversity due to reducing the separation between antennas and the increase in transmit diversity by increasing the number of elements.To quantify this tradeoff,we investigate densely deployed uniform antenna arrays modelled by detailed electromagnetic simulation.Our results show the somewhat surprising result that,by reducing the separations between the antennas to significantly less than the transmit wavelength to fit more antennas,the resulting system performance improves.
文摘Meeting deliverable deadline is a critical issue for successful organization. Last minute adjustments characterize software development due to many reasons including not testing thoroughly. XP (Practicing Extreme Programming), which is an agile software development methodology, gives rise to the issue of pair programming. This paper aims at discussing the strengths and weaknesses of an Extreme Programming methodology by examining the characteristics of the 12 software development practices of the XP methodology. Working together will incur in a highly reliable functionalities to release. Furthermore, moving people around will allow the team to keep track of the whole project.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2010CB126401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31402285)+3 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A405)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-48)the Taishan Scholars Climbing Program of Shandong Provincethe Oversea Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province
文摘The Fox genes encode a group of transcription factors that contain a forkhead domain, which forms a structure known as a winged helix. These transcription factors play a crucial role in several key biological processes, including development. High-degree identity in the canonical forkhead domain has been used to divide Fox proteins into 23 families (FoxA to FoxS). We surveyed the genome of three spiralians, the oyster Crassostrea gigas, the limpet Lottia gigantea, and the annelid Capitella teleta. We identified 25 C. gigas fox genes, 21 L. gigantea fox genes, and 25 C. teleta fox genes. The C. gigas fox and L. giganteafox genes represented 19 of the 23 families, whereas FoxI, QI, R, and S were missing. The majority of the Fox families were observed within the C. teletafox genes, with the exception of FoxR and S. In addition, thefoxAB-like gene,foxY-like gene, andfoxH gene were also present in the three genomes. The conserved FoxC-FoxL 1 cluster, observed in mammals, was also found in C. gigas. The diversity of temporal expression patterns observed across the developmental process implies the C. gigasfox genes exert a wide range of functions. Further functional studies are required to gain insight into the evolution of Fox genes in bilaterians.
文摘This article describes the development of automatic control system on the basis of Festo "Compact Workstation" training stand. Such control systems are used in different branches of industry and infrastructure including oil industry, chemical industry, water treatment, canalization and others. The stand allows realizing level, flow, pressure and temperature control systems, using pump, valves, discrete and analog sensors. Level control system is described in this work. PID (proportional integral derivative) controllers are used in these systems. Control is switched on and off and the parameters of control systems are changed by means of SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system. During real technological processes, these actions are performed by the operator. The algorithm of the control system is realized using PLC (programmable logic controller). At the end of the article conclusions about the research are drawn.
文摘AIM: To analyze the MEDLINE-indexed publications in gastroenterology specialty journals from 2001 to 2007. Special attention was paid to specific types of articles, the number of publications for individual authors and the author count in each journal. METHODS: The bibliographic entries of papers belonging to journals listed under the subject heading of "gastroenterology" were downloaded from MEDLINE on the PubMed web site. The analysis was limited to journal articles published between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2007. The analytical dimensions of an article included journal, publication year, publication type, and author name (the last name and initials). RESULTS: According to MEDLINE, 81 561 articles were published in 91 gastroenterology journals from 2001 to 2007. The number of articles increased from 9447 in 2001 to 13 340 in 2007. Only 12 journals had more than 2000 articles indexed in MEDLINE. The "World Journal of Gastroenterology" had the largest number of publications (5684 articles), followed by "Hepato-Gastroenterology" (3036) and "Gastrointestinal Endoscopy" (3005). Of all the articles published, reviews accounted for 17.2% and case reports for 15.4%. Only 3739 randomized controlled trials (4.6% of all articles) were published and their annual number increased from 442 in 2001 to 572 in 2007. Among 141 741 author names appearing in the articles of gastroenterology journals, 92 429 had published only in one journal, 22 585 in two journals, 9996 in three journals, and 16 731 in more than three journals. The "World Journal of Gastroenterology " had the greatest number of authors (17 838),followed by "Gastroenterology " (12 770), "Digestive Diseases and Sciences" (11 395), "American Journal of Gastroenterology" (10 889), and "Hepatology" (10 588). CONCLUSION: Global gastroenterology publications displayed a continuous growth in the new millennium. The change was most striking in certain journals. Regular bibliometric analyses on the trends and specific topics would help researchers publish more efficiently and allow editors to adjust the policy more accurately.
文摘In the English Restoration, the female body was a sexual object for male consumption. As De Lauretis (1987, p. 5) argued, the construction of gender is the product of its representation so that the construction of woman's body followed those canons which encouraged patriarchal binary thought, where the feminine pole has always been regarded as the negative one. In The Rover Part I (1677) and II (1681), Aphra Behn stressed the ideological construction of"docile bodies" (Foucault, 1979, p. 137), forcing man to recognize the lady cavalier as a thinking agent. In these plays, woman rejects male's stereotypes, turning over the man's discursive constructions. The author's analysis has not the pretension to solve the many contradictions of a contradictory era but it will inspect female figures in The Rover Part I (1677) and II (168 l), in which emerges a ~'woman irreducible to the masculine subject" (Irigaray, 2000, p. 125)