Two field trials were clone to evaluate the effects of plant density on the growth, development and yield of safflower. The results showed that plant density and season of growth had significant （P ≤ 0.01） effects ...Two field trials were clone to evaluate the effects of plant density on the growth, development and yield of safflower. The results showed that plant density and season of growth had significant （P ≤ 0.01） effects on growth, development, yield components, yield and oil content of safflower. Increasing safflower plant density from 100,000 to 250,000 plants ha^- significantly reduced plant height （13.2%-21.3%）, branch number plant^-1 （37%-54.7%）, leaf number plant^-1 （39%-39.2%）, leaf area （19.5%-53%）, plant spread （39.6%-54.4%）, root length （28.1%-54.4%）, plant biomass （17%-50%）, capitula size （12%-12.7%）, capitula number plant^-1 （39.5%-50.5%）, seed number capitula~ （39%-45%）, capitula weight （3.3%-3.6%）, seed yield （67.9%-69.8%） and seed oil content （14.7%-20.8%）. The reduction in vegetative growth, yield components, yield and oil content of safflower due to increased plant density was attributed to inter and intra-plant competition for light, nutrients and water necessary for growth and development. The differences between winter and summer grown safflower were attributed to difference in day and night temperature （DIF） and the average daily temperature which were optimum for safflower growth in winter. It was concluded that under Botswana conditions or in semi-arid areas, safflower should be planted at 50 cm × 20 cm or wider in order to maximize yield and oil content and allow the plants to express their maximum genetic potential.展开更多
Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of different sports(swimming, football, basketball, and handball) on fat mass and lean mass in prepubertal and pubertal girls.Methods: Two hundred ...Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of different sports(swimming, football, basketball, and handball) on fat mass and lean mass in prepubertal and pubertal girls.Methods: Two hundred girls(10.6 ± 1.5 years old, Tanner stages I–III) participated in the study and were divided into 5 groups: 40 swimmers, 40 football players, 40 basketball players, 40 handball players, and 40 controls. Fat and lean masses at whole body, arms, trunk, and legs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Pubertal status was determined using Tanner test. Effects of different sports on fat and lean masses were assessed through analysis of covariance with height as covariates. Analyses were performed separately in 2 groups depending on the Tanner stage(prepubertal and pubertal).Results: The girls of the control group had less lean mass and more fat mass compared to the girls who play sports(p < 0.05). There were differences in body fat between sports. The swimmers and football players had less body fat(p < 0.05). On the other hand, handball players showed the highest values in lean mass(p < 0.05).Conclusion: Impact sports(football, basketball, and handball) and low-impact sports(swimming) provide an appropriate development of lean mass in growing girls. We can conclude that people practicing sports at early ages ensure a lower fat mass and higher lean mass compared to those who do not practice. These results may be useful as a preventive method of adult obesity.展开更多
Kibera is the largest urban slum in Nairobi with over 900,000 inhabitants. This urban slum is plagued by unsanitary conditions, such as high density, dust, mud, squalor, hazards, litter, and smell. As a result of thes...Kibera is the largest urban slum in Nairobi with over 900,000 inhabitants. This urban slum is plagued by unsanitary conditions, such as high density, dust, mud, squalor, hazards, litter, and smell. As a result of these deplorable conditions, Umande Trust, a local non-governmental organization （NGO）, has developed a new educational initiative using biotechnology to turn human waste into gas for cooking. This initiative supports Freire＇s （2000） theory pedagogy of the oppressed, which will serve as the theoretical framework, in which the people who have been oppressed and/or have had to endure the horrible conditions in which they live play an active role in their development to regain their humanity. Jacobson （2004） raised a critical question that will be the focal point of this study regarding development： ＂Who is better suited to help Africa determine her future＂ （p. 75）. Using a qualitative case study design, the answer to this question will be answered in terms of Kibera specifically and its use of bio-technology as a sustainable development initiative. This study will also assess the use of communication in this approach.展开更多
文摘Two field trials were clone to evaluate the effects of plant density on the growth, development and yield of safflower. The results showed that plant density and season of growth had significant （P ≤ 0.01） effects on growth, development, yield components, yield and oil content of safflower. Increasing safflower plant density from 100,000 to 250,000 plants ha^- significantly reduced plant height （13.2%-21.3%）, branch number plant^-1 （37%-54.7%）, leaf number plant^-1 （39%-39.2%）, leaf area （19.5%-53%）, plant spread （39.6%-54.4%）, root length （28.1%-54.4%）, plant biomass （17%-50%）, capitula size （12%-12.7%）, capitula number plant^-1 （39.5%-50.5%）, seed number capitula~ （39%-45%）, capitula weight （3.3%-3.6%）, seed yield （67.9%-69.8%） and seed oil content （14.7%-20.8%）. The reduction in vegetative growth, yield components, yield and oil content of safflower due to increased plant density was attributed to inter and intra-plant competition for light, nutrients and water necessary for growth and development. The differences between winter and summer grown safflower were attributed to difference in day and night temperature （DIF） and the average daily temperature which were optimum for safflower growth in winter. It was concluded that under Botswana conditions or in semi-arid areas, safflower should be planted at 50 cm × 20 cm or wider in order to maximize yield and oil content and allow the plants to express their maximum genetic potential.
文摘Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of different sports(swimming, football, basketball, and handball) on fat mass and lean mass in prepubertal and pubertal girls.Methods: Two hundred girls(10.6 ± 1.5 years old, Tanner stages I–III) participated in the study and were divided into 5 groups: 40 swimmers, 40 football players, 40 basketball players, 40 handball players, and 40 controls. Fat and lean masses at whole body, arms, trunk, and legs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Pubertal status was determined using Tanner test. Effects of different sports on fat and lean masses were assessed through analysis of covariance with height as covariates. Analyses were performed separately in 2 groups depending on the Tanner stage(prepubertal and pubertal).Results: The girls of the control group had less lean mass and more fat mass compared to the girls who play sports(p < 0.05). There were differences in body fat between sports. The swimmers and football players had less body fat(p < 0.05). On the other hand, handball players showed the highest values in lean mass(p < 0.05).Conclusion: Impact sports(football, basketball, and handball) and low-impact sports(swimming) provide an appropriate development of lean mass in growing girls. We can conclude that people practicing sports at early ages ensure a lower fat mass and higher lean mass compared to those who do not practice. These results may be useful as a preventive method of adult obesity.
文摘Kibera is the largest urban slum in Nairobi with over 900,000 inhabitants. This urban slum is plagued by unsanitary conditions, such as high density, dust, mud, squalor, hazards, litter, and smell. As a result of these deplorable conditions, Umande Trust, a local non-governmental organization （NGO）, has developed a new educational initiative using biotechnology to turn human waste into gas for cooking. This initiative supports Freire＇s （2000） theory pedagogy of the oppressed, which will serve as the theoretical framework, in which the people who have been oppressed and/or have had to endure the horrible conditions in which they live play an active role in their development to regain their humanity. Jacobson （2004） raised a critical question that will be the focal point of this study regarding development： ＂Who is better suited to help Africa determine her future＂ （p. 75）. Using a qualitative case study design, the answer to this question will be answered in terms of Kibera specifically and its use of bio-technology as a sustainable development initiative. This study will also assess the use of communication in this approach.
