澳大利亚的出版发行机制

笔者应澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲法律研究中心和皇家理工学院的邀请,赴澳做了为期3个月的讲学和交流访问。访问期间对澳洲出版界进行了调查和了解,现就出版、发行中令人印象颇深的市场经济特点做一介绍。 澳大利亚的图书市场 澳大利亚国土总面积有700多万平方公里,较我国略小,而人口却只有1700万,仅比北京市人口多几百万。在这样的一个国家,图书市场应当说并不是太广阔的。然而,调查的结果却使人大出意料。

总行举办发行出纳机具培训班

日前中国人民银行货币金银司在黄山市举办了发行出纳机具培训班。这是中国人民银行首次举办的发行机具类培训班。 人民币是世界上发行量较大的货币之一,而我国的发行机械化水平由于受历史因素影响一直较低。为推动货币发行现代化建设,中国人民银行特举办此次培训班。培训受到各级领导的重视,各行都选派了发行机具管理人员参加。培训的内容有《国际货币发行出纳机具运作概况、发展趋势及借鉴构思》、《发行库的基本建设管理》、《金库门、门锁的安装与调试》、《出纳机具的工作原理、使用与维护》。

学术动态

我院软件研究室自行研制开发的“报刊发行机”获得陕西省教委1993年度科技进步三等奖。

Effects of Spark Ignition Engine Operating Parameters on Its Cyclic Variation ——Modeling and Simulation

An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constant volume combustion process, adiabatic expansion process, adiabatic blow down process and constant pressure exhaust process to approximate the thermodynamic processes in the cylinder, finally the residual gas temperature for the ( n+1) th cycle can be estimated. Because of the adding of engine operating parameters such as engine speed, spark advance, equivalence ratio, intake air pressure, intake air temperature to the model, effects of these parameters on cyclic variation can be estimated quantitatively. Since residual gas temperature fluctuation between cycles reflects the circumstances of engine cyclic variation, parameters to which residual gas temperature is sensitive are most likely used as the means to control cyclic variation. Model simulation shows that for the nearly stiochiometric mixture, cyclic variation is not obvious or even quite stable, but for the lean mixture, under the circumstances of partial load and larger spark advances, engine cyclic variations occur chaotically or with bifurcation.

论南宋钱牌的货币性质

论南宋钱牌的货币性质吴圣林南宋钱牌，亦称牌，有铅、铜两种。其形状为长方形，有上圆角折下方、四角圆折、纯长方形等形制。钱额均有小孔，可穿挂使用。因其形状别致，颇受钱币研究收藏者的珍视。目前已发表的品种有：临安府行用的＂准五百文省＂、＂准叁百文省＂、＂准...

Wear behavior and mechanism of B_4C reinforced Mg-matrix composites fabricated by metal-assisted pressureless infiltration technique

The B4C/Mg composites fabricated by metal-assisted pressureless infiltration technique were used as experimental material, and the wear behavior and mechanism of this material were studied. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to evaluate the wear behavior where loads of 20, 40, 60 and 80 N, and a sliding velocity of 250 r/min were exerted. The results show that B4C/Mg composites possess superior wear resistance than pure Mg under various applied loads, and the content of Ti, as infiltration inducer, has an influence on the wear resistance of B4C/Mg composites. The dominant wear mechanism for pure Mg is abrasion, while that for B4C/Mg composites under low loads is adhesion and delamination. Under high loads, the wear mechanism of B4C/Mg composites can be attributed to thermal softening and melting or plastic deformation.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:A severe complication of liver cirrhosis

This report presents a survey of current knowledge concerning one of the relatively frequent and severe complications of liver cirrhosis and associated ascites-spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Epidemiology,aetiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,diagnosis and present possibilities of treatment are discussed.

HIV and HCV:from Co-infection to Epidemiology,Transmission,Pathogenesis,and Treatment

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the infectious agent causing acquired immu-nodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a deadliest scourge of human society. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic liver disease and infects an estimated 170 million people worldwide,resulting in a serious public health burden. Due to shared routes of transmission,co-infection with HIV and HCV has become common among individuals who had high risks of blood exposures. Among hemophiliacs the co-infection rate accounts for 85%; while among injection drug users (IDU) the rate can be as high as 90%. HIV can accelerate the progression of HCV-related liver disease,particularly when immunodeficiency has developed. Although the effect of HCV on HIV infection is controversial,most studies showed an increase in mortality due to liver disease. HCV may act as a direct cofactor to fasten the progression of AIDS and decrease the tolerance of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HARRT). Conversely,HAART-related hepatotoxicity may enhance the progression of liver fibrosis. Due to above complications,co-infection with HCV and HIV-1 has imposed a critical challenge in the management of these patients. In this review,we focus on the epidemiology and transmission of HIV and HCV,the impact of the two viruses on each other,and their treatment.

Aortic valve stenosis： treatments options in elderly high-risk patients

In the last decades, a trend towards a worldwide aging has been reported and diseases which are common in the elderly people would have important implications in clinical practice. Aortic stenosis （AS） is perhaps the most common and most often cause of sudden death among valvular heart diseases. Its prevalence is low among adults aged 〈 60 years, but increases to almost 10% in adults ≥ 80 years.[2] Since the degenerative calcific disease represents the lead- ing cause of AS in developed countries, the improved understanding on its pathogenesis （atherosclerotic processes and/or skeleton key） may offer potentially new targets for preventing and inhibiting AS development and progres- sion.[3] Patients with AS are generally asymptomatic for a prolonged period and the development of symptoms is a critical point in the natural history. Indeed, the prognosis changes dramatically with the onset of symptoms of angina,

Economy

Chinese Banks to Issue Large-denomination Certificates of Deposit The People’s Bank of China,the country’s central bank,issued a provisional regulation on June 2 that allows financial institutions to issue large-denomination certificates of deposit(CD),giving banks more freedom in pricing interest rates.Individual investors can buy certificates of deposit worth at least RMB 300,000 and institutional investors at least RMB 10 million’s worth.

Extratropical Transition and Re-Intensification of Typhoon Toraji(2001):Large-Scale Circulations, Structural Characteristics, and Mechanism Analysis

With the use of data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis,the environment and structure of typhoon Toraji(2001)are investigated during the re-intensification(RI)stage of its extratropical transition(ET),a process in which a tropical cyclone transforms into an extratropical or mid-latitude cyclone.The results provide detailed insight into the ET system and identify the specific features of the system,including wind field,a cold and dry intrusion,and a frontal structure in the RI stage.The irrotational wind provides the values of upper-and lower-level jets within the transitioning tropical cyclone and the cyclone over Shandong Peninsula,accompanied with the reduced radius of maximum surface winds around the cyclone center in the lower troposphere.Simultaneously,dry air intrusion enhances the formation of fronts and leads to strong potential instability in the southwest and northeast quadrants.The distribution of frontogenesis shows that the tilting term associated with vertical motion dominates the positive frontogenesis surrounding the cyclone center,especially in the RI stage.The diagnostics of the kinetic energy budget suggest that the divergent kinetic energy generation whose time evolution corresponds well to that of cyclone center pressure is the primary factor for the development of Toraji in the lower troposphere.The ET of Toraji is a compound pattern that contains a development similar to that of a B-type extratropical cyclone within the maintaining phase and an A-type extratropical cyclone within the strengthening period,which corresponds to the distribution of the E-P fluxes with vertically downward propagation in the maintaining stage and upwards momentum in the strengthening phase.

Pure Jatropha Oil for Power Generation on Floreana IslandlGalapagos： Four Years Experience on Engine Operation and Fuel Quality

In the small country of Ecuador, all environmental risks of the production and consumption of fossil fuels can be observed by damages through oil exploration in the amazonite rainforest and two tank ship accidents close by Galapagos Islands causing death of 10,000 marine iguanas and other species. Now Ecuador plans to replace all environmentally dangerous diesel generators from all four inhabited Galapagos Islands by a hybrid system using 100% renewable energy for electricity production. Since 2010 a hybrid system of two Jatropha oil generators with an electrical power of 69 kW （kWel） and a photovoltaic plant with an electrical peak power of 21 kW （kWpeak） is successfully providing electricity from renewable energy for inhabitants and tourists of Floreana Island. After more than 15.000 engine operation hours of each engine there is no engine defect. For fuel supply, the so-called ＂Living Fence＂ concept collecting Jatropha seeds by farmers and families from already existing 6,000 km hedges on Ecuadorian mainland was chosen to comply with highest biofuel sustainability standards. The Jatropha oil is produced in a decentralized so-called CompacTropha oil mill container following the ambitious German fuel quality standard DIN51605. Since 2010 Floreana project successfully demonstrates that it is possible to replace diesel gen sets by generators fueled with pure Jatropha oil from decentralized sustainable production.

Stand-Alone Wind Power System Operating with Different Storage Structures

This paper deals with control method related to a wind system operating in stand-alone applications. The stand-alone wind system is composed of three energy transfer subsystems： wind generator subsystem （wind turbine and electrical generator）, energy storage subsystem, respectively, specific local network subsystem （controlled loads）. This wind power system performs in the same time the maximization of wind energy conversion and the power balance between produced and required power. Three structures of the energy storage subsystem, based on buffer battery operation and/or capacitor voltage control, are discussed. The simulation results show that the proposed stand-alone wind power system ensures a good management of the local energy request. The design of the structures is analyzed in Matlab/Simulink environment, using PowerSim toolbox.

Evaluation of tidal stream energy and its impacts on surrounding dynamics in the Eastern Region of Pingtan Island, China

Using an improved FVCOM numerical model, combined with the momentum-sinking scheme based on the structural characteristics of specific turbines, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of tidal energy resources before and after the deployment of tidal turbines near Pingtan Island, China. Considering factors such as the distribution of tidal stream energy, bathymetry, topography, and the design parameters of the turbines, an appropriate location for a demonstration tidal turbine was selected and the corresponding energy resource was evaluated. Several sites with strong tidal streams were considered： south of the northern cape, east of the southem cape, and the southern end of Haitan Bay. The former was thought most suitable for the deployment of a tidal energy turbine, with projected power generation for approximately 470 h per month. The average power of this demonstration was about 2.4 kW, and the annual electricity output was approximately 17.47 MWh. The intervention of the turbine device had little influence on the near-field tidal stream or water level. The tidal stream was reduced slightly in the area south of the northern cape, although the effect weakened further from the turbine. Conversely, the velocity increased slightly on both sides of the demonstration site. The difference in current speed with and without the turbine was greater at slack tide than still tide. The influence of turbine operation on water level was minor. The method adopted in this study can be considered a reference for the selection of sites for the demonstration of tidal stream energy. However, the method is unable describe the dynamic characteristics of the turbulent flow surrounding the deployed turbines, which has an important role regarding the optimal designs of the turbine blade and pile foundations. Therefore, we will continue to work to improve this model in future research.

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.

Kinematic Viscosity and Shear Stress of Used Engine Oil

The goal of this paper describes kinematic viscosity and shear stress of two used engine oils, which have been taken from two different passenger cars. Kinematic viscosity and shear stress are two of the most important physical behaviours of fluids, especially lubricating fluids. In this paper the authors have focused on engine oil. Knowledge of these properties of engine oil is very important due to its lifetime. The experiments have been done using digital rotary rheometer Anton Paar DV-3 P with use of TR8 spindle and special adapter for a small amount of sample （20 mL）. Two different engine oils have been observed--first from passenger car Renault Scenic with petrol engine （engine capacity 1.6 dm3） and the second from passenger car Skoda Roomster with diesel engine （engine capacity 1.4 dm3）. Castrol Magnatec 10W-40 engine oil has been taken from Renault car and Shell Helix Ultra Extra 5W-30 engine oil has been taken from ~koda car. Service interval of change oil has been set to 15,000 km and samples of used engine oils have been taken after 1,500 km. Only first samples of used engine oils have been taken after raid of 20 km. All samples of used engine oils have been compared with new （unused） engine oils same specification. The measured values of kinematic viscosity and shear stress have been modeled using linear function. The coefficients of correlation R have been achieved high values （0.88-0.96）. The obtained models can be used to prediction of engine oil flow behaviour.

Cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium model with stochastic perception errors

The cumulative prospect theory(CPT) is applied to study travelers' route choice behavior in a degradable transport network. A cumulative prospect theory-based user equilibrium(CPT-UE) model considering stochastic perception error(SPE) within travelers' route choice decision process is developed. The SPE is conditionally dependent on the actual travel time distribution, which is different from the deterministic perception error used in the traditional logit-based stochastic user equilibrium. The CPT-UE model is formulated as a variational inequality problem and solved by a heuristic solution algorithm. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model and efficiency of the solution algorithm. The effects of SPE on the reference point determination, cumulative prospect value estimation, route choice decision and network performance evaluation are investigated.

The dynamic behavior of two collinear cracks in magneto-electro-elastic composites under harmonic anti-plane shear waves

The dynamic behavior of two collinear cracks in magneto-electro-elastic composites under harmonic anti-plane shear waves is studied using the Schmidt method for the permeable crack surface conditions. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with a set of triple integral equations in which the unknown variable is the jump of the displacements across the crack surfaces. In solving the triple integral equations, the jump of the displacements across the crack surface is expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomials. It can be obtained that the stress field is independent of the electric field and the magnetic flux.

Experimental Researches of a Hydrogen Fuelled SI Engine

The paper presents the results of the experimental research which was carried out on the spark ignition engine, experimental model, fuelled with hydrogen by direct injection method, using qualitative load adjustment method for engine running control. Also, the hydrogen injection solution at the beginning of the compression stroke, after the inlet valve closing, assures the cylinder cooling by inlet air avoiding in that way uncontrolled ignition phenomena and inlet back fire. Using this fueling method avoided the abnormally hydrogen combustion phenomena＇s for stoichiometric dosage operating conditions, achieving -30 % engine power increase. Hydrogen engine runs with very lean mixtures, due to engine load qualitative adjustment, a dosage value that leads to a reduction of the engine power with -25% from maximum power value. This provides a higher engine efficiency at low loads, the best results was obtained for λ=2- 4 air-fuel ratio values. The influence of the mixture quality on burning process, on polluting and energetically engine performances at the fuelling with hydrogen using direct injection method are presented. Because of the higher combustion temperature, the NOx emission level is higher for λ=1 - 2 comparative to gasoline fuelled engine, but decreases a lot for leaner mixture values, λ〉2.5.

A Comparative Study on the Implementation of CDM Projects in India

Since the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol was initiated,China and India have overwhelmingly led other developing countries regarding CDM projects development.A comparative study of the CDM in India and China is conducted as there are many similarities between both India and China with regard to the CDM implementation due to the fact that India is another major developing country with a large population and a potential source of GHG emissions rivaling China in the near future.Through examining the development of and legal issues for CDM projects in India,its experience and lessons regarding developing and managing CDM projects that China can critically learn are discussed.