生长素（Auxins）、赤霉素（Gibbierell1n）对绿豆发芽的影响

本文详衬地报道了生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA）对绿豆发芽过程中诸多生理指标的影响。研究结果表明生长素和赤霉素在一定浓度范围内（10^-2ppm)使绿豆芽呼吸速率明显提高；在发芽的六天内，每天测其淀粉酶的活性，经GA处理的活性明显高于对照，用IAA处理的活性明显降低。

Current Status and Development Strategy of Mung Bean Production in Chongqing Municipality

[Objective] This paper presented the current status of mung bean produc- tion in Chongqing, and put forward the corresponding development strategies. [Meth- ods] By overviewing the status of mung bean production in Chongqing Municipality, the main problems, advantages of mung bean production in Chongqing were pre- sented, and based on corresponding development strategies were put forward.[Re- suits] Currently, the main problems of mung bean production in Chongqing area in- clude insufficient attention, serious variety degradation, lag in cultivation technology, low scientific research level. However, the region has strengths in growing mung beans which would have broad prospects by appropriate adjustment and planning. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the development of mung bean pro- duction and promotion of economic development in Chongqing Municipality.

Ovule Development, Formation of Pollination Drop and Pollination Process in Taxus chinensis (Taxaceae)

Pollen morphology and hydration, ovule development, formation of pollination drop and the pollination process of Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd were investigated in detail. The results showed that mature pollen was one_celled, irregular in shape, nonsaccate, and the surface was covered with orbicules. When pollen became hydrated, the intine swelled and the exine bursted. The exine usually remained on the surface of water or on the pollination drop all the time, while the rest portion of the pollen sank into the drop of water or the pollination drop. In the late August, the down_curved female buds could be observed in the field trees. The downturning of the female buds was an characteristic feature discriminating from the vegetative buds. At this stage ovular primordium was present in the female bud with a dome_shaped nucellar primordium encircled by a rudimentary integument. The integument grew fast and overgrew the nucellus. In the March of the following year, the ovule formed a micropylar canal about 1?000 μm in length, 200-300 μm in width. Except the micropyle, the other part of the ovule was enclosed by 20-25 scales. During the early stage of the ovule development, the nucellar surface clearly showed cell configuration; but a membrane_like structure covering the nucellar apex appeared in the late stage of the ovule development, and subsequently broke down with nucellar cell disintegration before pollen shedding. The disintegrated cell products might partake in the formation of the pollination drop. Before and during pollination, the nucellar cells contained abundant mitochondria, endospermic reticulum and dictysomes with vesicles; the plasma membrane was undulated and there was no accumulation of electron_dense substances in the pericytoplasm. Pollination drops usually occurred at night, and disappeared by noon in the field tree. 15 days before pollination, the in vitro ovules from the field trees already had the capability of producing pollination drops, which could last for 4-5 days indoors. However, after these drops received pollen, they did not withdraw noticeably compared with the unpollinated ones. The retraction of the pollination drop was presumed not to be a nonmetabolic outcome but rather a result of evaporation.

柔然官制续考

通过对柔然官制中俟利发、吐豆发和俟斤三种职官的语源、用例和名号属性的研究，揭示它们与突厥汗国职官体系中同名或相近职官之间的关系。突厥政治制度继承自柔然汗国，而柔然汗国的政治制度渊源於东胡的古老传统，因此对突厥政治名号的探究，不应当停留在突厥语的范围之内，也不能仅仅在伊朗文化范围内寻求解答。当然，突厥对柔然政治文化及制度的继承，也不是照单全收，而是有所扬弃，有所改造。

Increased Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Altered Leaf and Root Development in Transgenic Soybean Plants

Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） is a plant-signaling molecule that regulates plant morphogenesis and expression of plant defense genes. To determine the role of the endogenous MeJA levels in the development of plants, transgenic soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merrill] plants harboring NTR1 gene encoding for jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase （JMT） were produced. The activation of NTR1 gene expression resulted in the production of MeJA. Overexpression of the NTR1 cDNA under the regulation of cauliflower mosaic virus （CaMV） 35S promoter in the transgenic soybean plants was confirmed using Northern blot analysis. The significant differences in leaf and root growth patterns were observed between the transgenic plants and the wild-type plants. The leaves of the transgenic plants were slightly elongated in length but dramatically narrowed in width compared with the nontrans-formed wild-type plants. In addition, elongation of primary root was inhibited in the overexpressed transgenic soybean plantlets, whereas the development of lateral root was stimulated relative to the nontransformed plants. The leaves of the transgenic plants showed 2-2.5-fold higher levels of MeJA than the control plants. These results indicated that the increased endogenous levels of MeJA is involved in regulation of morphogenesis in soybean plants.

Characterization of a Cyclophilin cDNA from Soybean Cells

A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.

A Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Study of Cercis (Leguminosae)

Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.

Cell Cycle Kinetic Analysis in the Cortical Regions of the Lentil Primary Root During Germination

Cell cycle kinetic activity in the cortical cells of the lentil (Lens culinaris Me-die. cv. Verte du Puy) primary root during germination was examined both temporally and spatially. Immunohistochemical and cytological evidence indicated that DNA replication and cell division started in the cortical cells of tire lentil primary root after around 13 and 17 h of imbibition, respectively. The first cells in DNA synthesis and the First mitotic figures all appeared in the cortical cells about I mm front the root-cap junction, but these divided cells had synthesized their DNA during the maturity of seed instead of during germination. The kinetic pattern of activity of the first cell cycle showed that these cells were not activated synchronously, but re-entered the cell cycle in turn depending on their places in the root tip, However, the adjacent cells partially synchronously proceeded their cell cycle.

Histological Study on Soybean Somatic Embryogenesis

Soybean somatic cell could induce the development of embryoid which was similar to embryo morphologically and structurally. Somatic embryogenesis system of soybean was used to conduct genetic transformation of soybean because of its several advantages such as higher transformational efficiency, beetter synchronism and fewer plant chimeras among transgenic plants. After infected with agrobacterium tumefaciens,the initiation, differentiation and development of young cotyledon embryogenic cell of soybean which was cultured on selective culture medium with kanamycin were investigated through histological study. The result showed that somatic embryo was differentiated in non-bud differentiation way. The embryogenic cells were differentiated from epidermis of explant or cells in 1 layer or 2 layers, with the division of embryogenic cells and degradation and disorganization of surrounding cells, the embryogenic cells would form embryoid with analogous suspensor structure. Later, globular embryoid would extrude from epidermis then developed into heart-shape embryo. The experiment was expected to provide theoretical reference for the construction of high transformational system of using plant somatic embryogenesis induced by young cotyledon of soybean.

Effects of Magnetic Stress on the Delayed Luminescence of Mung Bean Leaves

[Objective] The research aimed to study the effects of magnetic stress on the delayed luminescence of mung bean leaves.[Method]With mung bean leaves as the experimental materials,the delayed luminescence curve of mung bean leaves under the same magnetic field intensity at different processing time was measured by using BPCL-type weak luminescence measuring instrument.[Result] The absorption of the magnetic field stimulation within the leaves had its own rules.A certain magnetic field intensity and a certain...

Radical Scavenging Ability of Soymilk Fermented with Compound Lactic Acid Bacteria towards DPPH Free Radical

The DPPH scavenging ability of soymilk fermented with lactic acid bacteria under different fermentation conditions were investigated in this paper. According to the result, the optimal combination of starter species was S. thermophilus, L. plantarum and L. helveticus at a ratio of 2∶1.5∶1.5. The optimal fermentation parameters were temperature of 37 ℃, solids content of 12% and fermentation time of 6 h.Under above conditions, the fermented soymilk showed the highest ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals（84.3%）. Besides, the radical scavenging ability of fermented soymilk was compared with that of Baiyu lactone soymilk and bean curd which were coagulated by chemical method. The result indicated that the scavenging rate of lactone bean curd of Baiyu lactone soymilk and bean curd was only32.1% and 23.2%. According to the comparison, the free radical scavenging ability of soymilk was significantly improved by lactic acid fermentation. This product which had no beany flavor would be beneficial to human health.

Condition Optimization of Lipopeptide Production by Bacillus natto NT-6 in Solid-State Fermentation with Box-Behnken Design

Solid-state fermentation has certain advantages in improving the yield of lipopetide, Box-Behnken Design（BBD） was adopted to optimize the producing condition of the antibacterial lipopetide produced by Bacillus natto in this article. The optimal solid state fermentation conditions were obtained： 10 g solid medium（7 g of wheat bran, 3 g of soybean meal） with appropriate inorganic salt（glucose 0.67%,sodium glutamate 0.64%,（NH4）2SO40.15%, K2HPO40.10%）; moisture content 123.78%; inoculation amount 10%; cultivation temperature 36.75 ℃ and cultivation time 72.4 h. The maximum production of lipopetide is 61.76 mg/gds under such conditions. This is the first report on the optimization of lipopeptide fermentation conditions in solid-state fermentation by wheat bran and soybean meal with Bacillus natto NT-6 strain, and will contribute to the development of lipopetide production.

Nodule Formation and Development in Soybeans(Glycine max L.) in Response to Phosphorus Supply in Solution Culture

Phosphorus (P) is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans (Glycine max L.) was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content (r = 0.92**). At an inoculation level of 102 cells mL-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 103.5 and 105 cells mL-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.

Interaction of Soybean Phospholipids Based Lipo-Vesicle and Surfactants of Bile Salts In Vitro

Liposomes were prepared with natural soybean phospholipids by extrusion method after rotating-film evaporating technique. Transmission electron micrography was used to detect the appearances of the prepared liposomes, and the liposome diameter was also measured. The prepared liposomes were sphere in shape with the mean diameter of 217 nm and span of 0.838. The phospholipid bilayer structure, suitable for entrapping various effector molecules, could be seen clearly under transmission electron microscopy. The bile salts of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate were used as the surfactants to investigate their interaction with liposomes. The turbidities for the mixture of bile salts and liposomes were evaluated by the visible spectrometry method at the wavelength of 500 nm. And the diameter changes of liposomes were also tested to examine the effect of bile salts on liposomes. At the beginning, the diameters and turbidities of liposomes increased a little as the result of mixed micelles formation during the different stages for the structure changes of surfactant-liposomes micelles. The further added bile salts decreased the diameters and turbidities of liposomes. The liposome suspension underwent several rearrangements before small mixed micelles formed. And the diameter of liposomes changed regularly. The interaction of bile salts and liposomes is important for the further study of the behaviors of liposomes in vivo. The drug loaded and release properties of liposomes can also be well reflected by the interaction of liposomes and surfactants.

Effects of Brown Fish Meal Replacement with Fermented Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency and Enzyme Activities of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.

Response of Vicia angustifolia L.Seed Germination and Growth to Drought Stress

Seeds germination and seedling stages were studied on the legume seeds of Vicia angustifolia L. to reveal the effects of drought stress on germination char- acteristics and water absorption characteristics. The results showed that the rate of seed water uptake,germination percentage,germination index,vigor index,seedling height,root length and plant water content decreased with the increase of concen- tration of PEG stress. However,seedling and root dry weight and root/shoot ratio ini- tially increased followed by a decrease. The lowest osmotic potential threshold was -0.42 MPa.

Optimization of Solid State Fermentation Conditions Using a Mixture of Bean Curd Residue and Marc with Bacillus natto

[Objective] The aim was to optimize the appropriate solid state fermentation(SSF)conditions.[Method] The optimization of solid state fermentation using a mixture substrate of bean curd residue and the marc with Bacillus natto was developed.[Result] The best fermentation condition optimized by the test of single factor and the orthogonal design respectively was mixing ratio of bean curd residue to marc 2∶1,substrate pH value 6,fermentation temperature 39 ℃,inoculum volume 10% and fermentation time 48 h.Under this optimized fermentation condition,the content of crude fiber in the substrate decreased from 107.8 mg/g before SSF to 56.2 mg/g after SSF,and the degeneration rate of crude fiber was 47.87%.[Conclusion] The bean curd residue in its palatability was enormously improved by SSF with Bacillus natto strain,which could be expected to be widely used as raw material of health foodstuff.

Research Progress of Wild Soybean Germplasms and Utilization

Wild soybean （Glycine soja） is the wild relative species of cultivated soy- bean, which is of high protein content, strong tolerance and high propagation coeffi- cient. The diverse growing conditions of wild soybean in China contribute to numer- ous phenotypes of wild soybean, which also reflect the evolution process through long-term natural and artificial selection. The research progress of wild soybean germpfasms was summarized in resource status and innovative utilization in order to provide information for research of wild soybean germplasms.

Influence of NaCI and Na2SO4 Treatments on Growth Development of Broad Bean （Vicia Faba, L.） Plant

Salinity treatments （NaCl and Na2SO4） reduced plant growth and increased the accumulation of Na^＋, P^3＋,Fe^3＋ , Mn^2＋, and CIin root, stem, leaf and legume. The uptake of K^＋ reduced in the presence of both salts whereas uptake of Ca^2＋ retarded mainly by Na2SO4. Chlorophyll content was affected mainly by NaCl, while Na2SO4 treatment lowered the rate of photosynthetic activity. Both salt compounds caused accumulation of free amino acids including free proline but reduced the protein content in the leaves. The salt tolerance capacity of the broad beans plant in which the observations of the effect of salinity determined by different concentrations of NaCI and Na2SO4 on growth, chloroplast pigments, photosynthetic, free amino acids, free proline, protein and inorganic elements on plants are combined with observations on growth and yield, in order to arrive at a better understanding of their salt tolerance, has been studied and discussed in this paper. The results for the latter only （fruiting stage） are presented.

The Development of Soybean Byproducts in Heilongjiang, China

The Heilongjiang Soybean Research Institute not only focuses on improving yield and quality of soybean, but also exploring the development of various high quality soybean byproducts. Currently, the institute uses advanced extraction technology, the institute also produces new soybean chips and vitamin E from soybean pulp, soybean peptides, phosphatides and oligosaccharides. 120 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 5 chicken in each replicate. The authors studied influence on performance and body quality of broiler chicken by using soybean phosphatides to take the place of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% corn of basal daily grain. Conclusion indicated that rates of broiler chicken weight gain were 2.1%, 4.4% and 8.7%, feed utilization rates raised 3.5%, 5.2% and 8.1%, costs reduced 2.3%, 3.5% and 5.8%, chest muscle rates improved 14.7%, 0.9% and -0.49%, belly fat rates improved 11.06%, 20.28% and 44.75% by using soybean phosphatides to take place of corn in daily grain after 42 days. More recently, the study is also involved in the research on improving the meat quality of chicken by adding extracted soybean peptide and phosphatides into feed. Furthermore, nearly 98% post-consumer waste oil with high acid value can be converted into biodiesel by using an effective supercritical methanol method.