Role of bitter contributors and bitter taste receptors:a comprehensive review of their sources,functions and future development

Bitterness,one of the 5“basic tastes”,is usually undesired by humans.However,abundant literature reported that bitter fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects due to their bitter contributors.This review provided an updated overview of the main bitter contributors of typical bitter fruits and vegetables and their health benefits.The main bitter contributors,including phenolics,terpenoids,alkaloids,amino acids,nucleosides and purines,were summarized.The bioactivities and wide range of beneficial effects of them on anti-cancers,anti-inflammations,anti-microbes,neuroprotection,inhibiting chronic and acute injury in organs,as well as regulating behavior performance and metabolism were reported.Furthermore,not only did the bitter taste receptors(taste receptor type 2 family,T2Rs)show taste effects,but extra-oral T2Rs could also be activated by binding with bitter components,regulating physiological activities via modulating hormone secretion,immunity,metabolism,and cell proliferation.This review provided a new perspective on exploring and explaining the nutrition of bitter foods,revealing the relationship between the functions of bitter contributors from food and T2Rs.Future trends may focus on revealing the possibility of T2Rs being targets for the treatment of diseases,exploring the mechanism of T2Rs mediating the bioactivities,and making bitter foods more acceptable without getting rid of bitter contributors.

Olfactory receptors in neural regeneration in the central nervous system

Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.

Melanocortin 3,5 receptors immunohistochemical expression in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients:A matter of disease activity?

BACKGROUND Melanocortin 3 and 5 receptors(i.e.,MC3R and MC5R)belong to the melanocortin family.However,data regarding their role in inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)are currently unavailable.AIM This study aims to ascertain their expression profiles in the colonic mucosa of Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC),aligning them with IBD disease endoscopic and histologic activity.METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies from CD/UC patients were sampled,and immunohisto-chemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of MC3R and MC5R.Colonic sampling was performed on both traits with endoscopic scores(Mayo endoscopic score and CD endoscopic index of severity)consistent with inflamed mucosa and not consistent with disease activity(i.e.,normal appearing mucosa).RESULTS In both CD and UC inflamed mucosa,MC3R(CD:+7.7 fold vs normal mucosa,P<0.01;UC:+12 fold vs normal mucosa,P<0.01)and MC5R(CD:+5.5 fold vs normal mucosa,P<0.01;UC:+8.1 fold vs normal mucosa,P<0.01)were significantly more expressed compared to normal mucosa.CONCLUSION MC3R and MC5R are expressed in the colon of IBD patients.Furthermore,expression may differ according to disease endoscopic activity,with a higher degree of expression in the traits affected by disease activity in both CD and UC,suggesting a potential use of these receptors in IBD pharmacology.

Immunomodulation of Proton-activated G Protein-coupled Receptors in Inflammation

Proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs),initially discovered by Ludwig in 2003,are widely distributed in various tissues.These receptors have been found to modulate the immune system in several inflammatory diseases,including inflammatory bowel disease,atopic dermatitis,and asthma.Proton-activated GPCRs belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and can detect alternations in extracellular pH.This detection triggers downstream signaling pathways within the cells,ultimately influencing the function of immune cells.In this review,we specifically focused on investigating the immune response of proton-activated GPCRs under inflammatory conditions.

Exploring the vital role of microglial membrane receptors in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: a comprehensive review

Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a broad category of diseases caused by the degeneration of the neurons.They are mainly manifested by the gradual loss of neuron structure and function and eventually can cause death or loss of neurons.As the global population ages rapidly,increased people are being diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases.It has been established that the onset of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is closely linked with increasing age and its major pathological features include amyloid-beta plaques(Aβ),Tau hyperphosphorylation,Neurofibrillary tangles(NFTs),neuronal death as well as synaptic loss.The involvement of microglia is crucial in the pathogenesis and progression of AD and exhibits a dual role.For instance,in the early stage of AD,microglia surface membrane proteins or receptors can participate in immunophagocytosis,and anti-inflammatory functions and act as a physical barrier after recognizing various ligands such as Aβand NFTs.However,in the later stage of the disease,membrane receptors on the surface of microglia can cause its activation to release a substantial quantity of pro-inflammatory factors.Which can amplify the neuroinflammatory response.The rapid decline of normal immune phagocytosis can result in the continuous accumulation of abnormal proteins,leading to neuronal dysfunction and destruction of the formed physical barrier as well as the neurovascular microenvironment.It can also increase the transformation of microglia from anti-inflammatory phenotype M2 to pro-inflammatory phenotype M1,induce severe neuronal injury or apoptosis,and aggravate the progression of AD.Due to few articles have focused on the AD-related membrane protein receptors on microglia,thus in this paper,we have reviewed several representative microglial membrane proteins or receptors about their specific roles and functions implicated in AD,and expect that there will be more in-depth research and scientific research results in the treatment of AD by targeted regulation of microglia membrane protein receptors in the future.

Characterization of Domeless receptors and the role of Bd Domeless3 in anti-symbiont-like virus defense in Bactrocera dorsalis

The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway play a pivotal role in innate immunity.Among invertebrates,Domeless receptors serve as the key upstream regulators of this pathway.In our study on Bactrocera dorsalis,we identified three cytokine receptors:BdDomeless1,BdDomeless2,and BdDomeless3.Each receptor encompasses five fibronectin-type-III-like(FN III)extracellular domains and a transmembrane domain.Furthermore,these receptors exhibit the increased responsiveness to diverse pathogenic challenges.Notably,only BdDomeless3 is upregulated during symbiont-like viral infections.Moreover,silencing BdDomeless3 enhanced the infectivity of Bactrocera dorsalis cripavirus(BdCV)and B.dorsalis picorna-like virus(BdPLV),underscoring BdDomeless3’s crucial role in antiviral defense of B.dorsalis.Following the suppression of Domeless3 expression,six antimicrobial peptide genes displayed decreased expression,potentially correlating with the rise in viral infectivity.To our knowledge,this is the first study identifying cytokine receptors associated with the JAK/STAT pathway in tephritid flies,shedding light on the immune mechanisms of B.dorsalis.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)in epileptogenesis:an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity,high recurrence,and drug resistance.Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy.Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity.Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders,and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy.In this review,we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways.Then,we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis.In addition,strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized.We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.

The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

Toll-like receptors 2 polymorphism is associated with psoriasis: A case-control study in the northern Chinese population

Background:Psoriasis is a disease caused by genetics and immune system dysfunction,affecting the skin and joints.Toll-like receptors(TLRs)play an important role in triggering the innate immune response and controlling adaptive immunity.The role of TLR2 in the progression of psoriasis is not well understood.Methods:A case-control study was conducted on a northern Chinese Han population,consisting of psoriasis patients and healthy control subjects.Genotyping was performed using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction(ARMS-PCR),and allele and genotype frequencies of four SNPs in TLR2 were analyzed in 270 psoriasis patients and 246 healthy controls.Results:Four TLR2 SNPs(rs11938228,rs4696480,rs3804099,rs5743699)were genotyped and found to be in linkage disequilibrium.The genotype distributions of rs11938228 and rs4696480 in two groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and statistically significant except for the overdominance model.The haplotypes ATTC and ATCC were found to be protective against psoriasis.Conclusion:Our study found a correlation between TLR2 genetic variations and the likelihood of psoriasis in northern China.

N-acetylcysteine and zinc sulphate abate di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-mediated reproductive dysfunction in rats:Focus on oxidative and sex hormone receptors mechanisms

Objective:To investigate the potential of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)and zinc sulphate(ZnSO_(4))in mitigating reproductive dysfunction caused by di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)in rats and to understand the underlying mechanisms,specifically oxidative stress and sex hormone receptor activity.Methods:Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups(n=7 per group).Group 1 was administered 0.5 mL of distilled water and served as the control group.Group 2 was given only DEHP(750 mg/kg/day),while group 3,4 and 5 were given DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus NAC(100 mg/kg/day),DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus ZnSO_(4)(0.5 mg/kg/day),and DEHP(750 mg/kg/day)plus NAC(100 mg/kg/day)as well as ZnSO_(4)(0.5 mg/kg/day),respectively.All treatments lasted for 21 days.Samples were obtained after the rats were sacrificed,and hormones levels in the serum and markers of oxidative stress in the testicles were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The amount of androgen receptors in the testicles was determined by immunohistochemistry,and the susceptibility of testosterone and DEHP to bind to androgen receptor and 5α-reductase was determined by molecular docking studies.Results:DEHP decreased reproductive hormones,testicular antioxidant enzymes,increased malondialdehyde levels,and negatively impacted histology of the pituitary and testes.NAC or ZnSO_(4) treatment showed a marked improvement in testicular antioxidant status and hormone levels,as well as a positive effect on the histology of the pituitary and testes.The combination of both treatments appeared to be more effective.The affinity of DEHP to bind to androgen receptors may lead to disruption of androgen receptor signaling,which can further result in dysfunction of hormones related to androgen.However,NAC is more likely to form stronger binding interactions with follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors,as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors,when compared to DEHP.Conclusions:The possibility that NAC and ZnSO_(4) could downregulate DEHP-induced sex hormone changes is suggested by their potential to reduce toxicity.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of precision T-Cell Receptors (TCRs) in targeting KRAS G12D cancer through in vitro development

Objectives:The Kirsten rat sarcoma virus(KRAS)G12D oncogenic mutation poses a significant challenge in treating solid tumors due to the lack of specific and effective therapeutic interventions.This study aims to explore innovative approaches in T cell receptor(TCR)engineering and characterization to target the KRAS G12D7-16 mutation,providing potential strategies for overcoming this therapeutic challenge.Methods:In this innovative study,we engineered and characterized two T cell receptors(TCRs),KDA11-01 and KDA11-02 with high affinity for the KRAS G12D7-16 mutation.These TCRs were isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs)derived from tumor tissues of patients with the KRAS G12D mutation.We assessed their specificity and anti-tumor activity in vitro using various cancer cell lines.Results:KDA11-01 and KDA11-02 demonstrated exceptional specificity for the HLA-A*11:01-restricted KRAS G12D7-16 epitope,significantly inducing IFN-γrelease and eliminating tumor cells without cross-reactivity or alloreactivity.Conclusions:The successful development of KDA11-01 and KDA11-02 introduces a novel and precise TCR-based therapeutic strategy against KRAS G12D mutation,showing potential for significant advancements in cancer immunotherapy.

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Currently,studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.However,little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Furthermore,the role of the dopamine D3 receptor,which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia,in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear.We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components,as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex(M1)↔dorsolateral striatum gamma flow.Administration of PD128907(a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist)induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1↔dorsolateral striatum flow.However,administration of PG01037(a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist)attenuated dyskinesia,suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components,and decreased gamma causality in the M1→dorsolateral striatum direction.These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity,and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

Novel Role of Calcium-Sensitive Receptors in Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Proliferation of Pulmonary Vein Smooth Muscle Cells

Objective:Vascular remodeling due to chronic hypoxia(CH)occurs not only in the pulmonary arteries but also in the pulmonary veins.Pulmonary vascular remodeling arises from the proliferation of pulmonary vascular myocytes.However,the mechanism by which CH induces the proliferation of pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells(PVSMCs)is unknown.This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which CH affects the proliferation of PVSMCs.Methods:PVSMCs were isolated from rat distal pulmonary veins and exposed to CH(4%O2,60h),and the expression of the calcium-sensitive receptor(CaSR)was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence.MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation viability of the cells,and the changes in the intracellular calcium concentration were detected by laser confocal scanning technique.Results:CaSR expression was present in rat distal PVSMCs,and CaSR protein expression was upregulated under hypoxia.The positive regulator spermine not only enhanced CH-induced CaSR upregulation but also enhanced CH-induced increase in cell viability and calcium ion concentration.The negative CaSR regulator NPS2143 not only attenuated CH-induced CaSR upregulation but also inhibited CH-induced cell viability and calcium ion concentration.Conclusion:CaSR-mediated hyperproliferation is a novel pathogenic mechanism for the development of proliferation in distal PVSMCs under CH conditions.

槲皮素通过下调缓激肽受体B1表达减轻糖尿病大鼠神经病理性疼痛

目的:研究槲皮素通过下调缓激肽受体B1(BDKRB1)表达减轻糖尿病大鼠神经病理性疼痛的机制。方法:60只大鼠腹腔注射60 mg/kg链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病神经病理性疼痛(DNP)大鼠模型,采用随机数表法平均分为5组:模型组、槲皮素(100 mg/kg)组、BDKRB1过表达质粒组、空载质粒组、槲皮素(100 mg/kg)+BDKRB1过表达质粒组,另选12只大鼠腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水作为对照组。各组大鼠以药物分组干预处理后,检测大鼠机械性刺激痛觉、热刺激痛觉与冷刺激痛觉,比较各组机械性缩足阈值、冷刺激抬足时间、热敏潜伏期;免疫组织化学染色检测大鼠脊髓背根神经节淋巴细胞浸润情况,比较各组淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LFA-1)阳性细胞比例;试剂盒测量大鼠血清炎症介质IL-17、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、IL-18水平;RT-qPCR、Western blot分别检测大鼠脊髓背根神经节BDKRB1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠机械性缩足阈值、热敏潜伏期显著降低(P<0.05),冷刺激抬足时间、LFA-1阳性细胞比例、血清IL-17、COX-2及IL-18水平、BDKRB1mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组、槲皮素+BDKRB1过表达质粒组分别比较,槲皮素组大鼠机械性缩足阈值、热敏潜伏期均升高(P<0.05),冷刺激抬足时间、LFA-1阳性细胞比例、血清IL-17、COX-2及IL-18水平、BDKRB1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05);BDKRB1过表达质粒组大鼠机械性缩足阈值、热敏潜伏期均降低(P<0.05),冷刺激抬足时间、LFA-1阳性细胞比例、血清IL-17、COX-2及IL-18水平、BDKRB1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平均升高(P<0.05);空载质粒组大鼠各指标均无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:槲皮素通过下调BDKRB1表达抑制炎症,减少淋巴细胞浸润,减轻糖尿病大鼠神经病理性疼痛症状。

苦味受体的非味觉功能研究进展

苦味的识别对动物生存至关重要,该过程由苦味受体介导。食物中的化学物质刺激口腔内的苦味感受器,经信号传导反馈给大脑,产生苦味感知并最终影响食物的选择和排斥。除了基本的味觉功能,苦味受体在口腔外的其他器官和组织中普遍表达,在细胞增殖、代谢调控、免疫反应等重要的生理生化过程中发挥作用。尽管苦味受体的蛋白结构仍未得到全部解析,具体的功能和作用机制未知,但由于其亚型众多且分布广泛,是理想的靶点,并将成为各类疾病治疗的重要探究方向。本文介绍苦味受体在口腔外部分器官组织中的表达和在相关疾病中的研究进展,有助于全面系统理解苦味受体的重要作用。

血清肾胺酶、尿调节素、可溶性尿激酶受体联合检测对糖尿病肾损伤早期诊断的价值分析

目的探究血清肾胺酶(RNLS)、尿调节素(UMOD)、可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(suPAR)联合检测对糖尿病肾损伤早期诊断的价值。方法选取2020年3月至2021年3月成都市第七人民医院收治的61例糖尿病肾损伤病人为糖尿病肾损伤组,按24 h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为早期糖尿病肾病组(29例)和临床期糖尿病肾病组(32例),选取66例糖尿病病人为单纯糖尿病组,另选取同期健康体检者60例为对照组。收集病人的一般临床资料并比较,采用尿素酶法检测血清尿素(UREA),氧化酶法检测肌酐(Cr)和尿酸(UA)水平,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清RNLS、UMOD、suPAR的水平。Pearson相关性分析RNLS、UMOD、suPAR与UREA、Cr、UA以及临床资料的关系。采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清RNLS、UMOD、suPAR联合检测对糖尿病病人发生肾损伤的诊断价值。结果糖尿病肾损伤组、单纯糖尿病组三酰甘油、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及血清UREA、Cr、UA、suPAR水平[(133.56±42.68)ng/L,(66.48±17.13)ng/L比(34.15±8.26)ng/L]均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)及血清RNLS[(28.62±7.61)mg/L,(35.47±9.29)mg/L比(42.81±13.24)mg/L]、UMOD水平[(64.28±16.82)g/L,(119.45±28.65)g/L比(139.82±32.84)g/L]均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);且糖尿病肾损伤组较单纯糖尿病组升高或下降幅度大(P<0.05)。糖尿病肾损伤组糖尿病病程显著高于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05),24 h尿蛋白显著高于单纯糖尿病组和对照组(P<0.05)。临床期糖尿病肾病组病人血清RNLS[(26.28±6.69)mg/L比(31.18±8.34)mg/L]、UMOD水平[(51.26±14.41)g/L比(78.65±19.49)g/L]较早期糖尿病肾病组均显著降低(P<0.05),suPAR水平[(151.96±48.03)ng/L比(113.27±36.81)ng/L]显著升高(P<0.05)。RNLS、UMOD与UREA、Cr、UA、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、糖尿病病程及24 h尿蛋白均呈负相关(P<0.05),与eGFR呈正相关(P<0.05);suPAR与UREA、Cr、UA、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、糖尿病病程及24 h尿蛋白均呈正相关(P<0.05),与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清RNLS、UMOD、suPAR三项联合的曲线下面积(AUC)0.88显著高于RNLS、UMOD单项检测的AUC(0.81、0.83)(P<0.05),而与suPAR AUC比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病肾损伤病人血清RNLS、UMOD、suPAR水平呈异常表达,且三项联合检测对糖尿病病人发生肾损伤的诊断价值较高,值得临床推广应用。

大麻素1型受体参与疼痛调节机制的研究进展

大麻素1型受体(CB1R)是近年来研究较为广泛的内源性大麻素受体之一,在中枢和外周神经系统均有表达。CB1R位于突触前膜,通过逆行抑制性突触传递调节神经递质的释放,是治疗疼痛的有效靶点。激活CB1R对伤害性、病理性和炎性疼痛均具有镇痛效应,拮抗CB1R可引起疼痛敏化。本文通过对CB1R结构功能、信号转导、镇痛机制方面进行综述,为进一步了解疼痛的病理生理学机制及探索更优疼痛治疗方法提供参考。

成纤维细胞生长因子受体1,2在小鼠肾发育中的动态表达

背景:在肾发育过程中,成纤维细胞生长因子受体1,2的时空表达仍是一个有争议的问题,且其与肾脏发育的关系尚不清楚。目的:观察成纤维细胞生长因子受体1,2在小鼠肾发育过程中的动态表达,探求它们与肾发生发育的关系。方法:培育不同发育阶段的胎鼠(E12,14,16,18 d)和仔鼠(N1,3,7,14,24,40 d),应用免疫组织化学技术观察成纤维细胞生长因子受体1,2在不同肾组织中的时空表达,结合体视学和Western blot对它们的表达进行定量分析。结果与结论:①免疫组化显示:在E12 d时,成纤维细胞生长因子受体1主要定位在输尿管芽尖端的生后肾组织,随后表达在各期未成熟的肾小体、部分远曲小管和毛细血管袢,反应部位主要集中在生肾区;而成纤维细胞生长因子受体2开始即在输尿管芽和生后肾组织中均有表达,随着后肾发育,定位于未发育成熟的各期肾小体、远端小管、集合管和髓袢细段,成熟肾小体表达微弱;②体视学和Western blot检测显示:成纤维细胞生长因子受体1在生前表达较高,出生后逐渐下降,N7 d后表达很低;成纤维细胞生长因子受体2在肾脏的表达随着胚(日)龄的增加而升高,N7 d后趋于稳定;③结果表明:在肾的发育过程中,成纤维细胞生长因子受体1,2呈一定的时空性表达,推测二者可能参与了肾单位的发育与成熟,而在输尿管芽分支和形态的形成过程中,成纤维细胞生长因子受体2的作用更为显著。

Toll样受体对成骨及破骨细胞功能的调节

背景:Toll样受体是一类重要的模式识别受体,通过识别特定的分子模式在病原体免疫、细胞因子合成等方面具有重要功能。既往的研究发现,不同种类的骨组织细胞同样表达Toll样受体。激活或抑制Toll样受体可通过多种途径对成骨与破骨细胞功能造成显著影响。目的:总结Toll样受体在成骨及破骨细胞中的表达及作用途径,以进一步阐明生理及病理状态下Toll样受体参与调控的生物学机制。方法:检索截至2022年12月的PubMed、中国知网等文献数据库中的相关文献,中文检索词为“Toll样受体,成骨细胞,破骨细胞,间充质干细胞,巨噬细胞,细胞因子,信号通路”,英文检索词为“toll-like receptor,osteoblast,osteoclast,mesenchymal stem cells,macrophage,cytokine,signaling pathway”,并根据研究需要确立相应的标准,对最终所得文献进行筛选。结果与结论:①Toll样受体可通过激活相关信号通路直接调节成骨、破骨细胞分化;②Toll样受体的激活诱导细胞因子的产生,发挥调节效应;③Toll样受体的激活能够对成骨、破骨细胞的生存及迁移能力产生影响;④在某些疾病及病理环境中,成骨及破骨细胞中的Toll样受体被激活,参与细胞间的相互作用。

血小板生成素受体激动剂治疗化疗相关性血小板减少症的研究现状

化疗相关性血小板减少症(chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, CIT)仍是目前肿瘤治疗的严重并发症,既往针对CIT的处理主要为输注血小板、使用重组人白介素-11(recombinanthumaninterleukin-11,rhIL-11)及重组人血小板生成素(recombinanthuman thrombopoietin, rhTPO)等,但对一些难治性CIT,效果有限。近年来,新型血小板生成素受体激动剂(thrombopoietin receptor agonists, TPO-RAs)已上市并用于血小板减少症,但尚未批准用于CIT治疗。本文对TPO-RAs类药物在CIT方面已开展的临床研究进行汇总,结果显示罗米司亭、艾曲泊帕、阿伐曲泊帕研究相对较多,但多为小样本或单中心回顾性分析,而芦曲泊帕和海曲泊帕尚缺乏治疗CIT的临床研究。