变内压条件下井筒完整性的弹塑性分析

针对套管内压变化影响井筒完整性问题,将套管、水泥环和地层视为弹塑性材料,从微间隙的形成及水泥环周向拉伸破坏两方面综合分析井筒的完整性,采用有限元方法模拟研究水泥环和地层机械参数变化对井筒完整性的影响。结果表明:水泥环弹性模量越大,越易形成微间隙和发生水泥环拉伸破坏;水泥环泊松比越小,形成的微间隙尺寸越大,越易发生水泥环拉伸破坏,但泊松比的影响程度较弹性模量小。地层弹性模量越小,越易形成微间隙且间隙尺寸较大,越易发生水泥环拉伸破坏;地层泊松比越大,形成的微间隙尺寸越大,但其影响程度较弹性模量小;地层泊松比变化对水泥环拉伸破坏的影响较小。在形成微间隙之前就可能会发生水泥周向环拉伸破坏。

变内压条件下膨胀水泥与地层机械性能的匹配

以膨胀水泥和地层作为研究对象,以维持井筒完整性为目的,利用弹性力学理论,借助有限元方法模拟分析了套管内压变化条件下膨胀水泥和地层机械性能对井筒完整性的影响,研究了两者机械性能的匹配关系。研究表明:膨胀水泥弹性模量越大,水泥环内最大米塞斯(Mises)应力越大;膨胀水泥泊松比越大,水泥环内最大Mises越小,水泥环内最大周向应力越小。地层弹性模量越大(地层越硬),水泥环内最大Mises应力越大,水泥环内最大周向应力越小;地层泊松比对水泥环内最大Mises应力和最大周向应力的影响较小。建议硬地层(弹性模量大)匹配弹性模量较小、泊松比较大的膨胀水泥,重点预防水泥环的挤压破坏;软地层且内压较小时匹配弹性模量较大、泊松比较大的膨胀水泥,重点预防水泥环的周向拉伸破坏。

变内压条件下膨胀水泥性能对井筒完整性的影响

以膨胀水泥作为研究对象,利用弹性力学理论,采用有限元方法研究了变内压条件下膨胀水泥性能对井筒完整性的影响。研究表明,合适的水泥膨胀率可以降低套管内的最大米塞斯(Mises)应力;水泥膨胀率越大,水泥环内最大Mises应力越大,最大周向应力越小;有套管内压时,膨胀水泥弹性模量越大,套管内最大Mises应力越小,水泥环内最大Mises应力越大;套管内压较小时,水泥弹性模量越大,水泥环内最大周向应力越小,套管内压较大时则与之相反;膨胀水泥泊松比对套管内最大Mises应力的影响较小,水泥泊松比越大,水泥环内最大Mises应力和最大周向应力越小。对于弹性地层和蠕变地层情况,膨胀水泥性能对井筒完整性的影响规律相似。变内压条件下,膨胀水泥性能对水泥环的挤压破坏和周向拉伸破坏影响较为显著,使用膨胀水泥时应根据实际情况优选膨胀水泥石的各项性能。

基于损伤力学变内压条件下水泥环密封完整性模拟

针对变内压条件下水泥环密封完整性失效问题,基于连续损伤力学理论,采用同时考虑水泥石损伤和屈服后应力—应变关系的塑性损伤本构模型来描述实际水泥石的全应力—应变力学性能,研究了水泥石力学性能对密封完整性的影响。研究结果表明,向常规水泥浆中加入弹韧性材料形成弹韧性水泥,降低了水泥环弹性模量,既可以预防微间隙形成和减小微间隙尺寸,又可以预防和减少水泥环拉伸破坏。但并非弹性模量越低,弹韧性水泥密封完整性越好,密封完整性还与水泥环拉压弹性变形性能有关,同等情况下水泥环最大拉压弹性应变越大,其密封完整性越不容易失效。建议根据水泥环的弹性模量和拉压全应力—应变关系来评价水泥环密封完整性。研究结果为水泥环密封完整性评价和水泥石力学性能优化提供了一定依据。

Characteristics of thickness distribution of tailor-welded tube hydroforming

Both experimental and mechanical analyses were carded out to investigate the characteristics of thickness distribution for tailor-welded tube （TWT） hydroforming with dissimilar thickness. Then, the effects of weld-seam position and thickness difference were also revealed. A multiple-diameter tube was formed to reveal the characteristics and the regularity of thickness distribution during TWT hydroforming. It is indicated that there are obvious fluctuations in thickness distribution though the TWTs have the same expansion ratio. The thinning ratio of thinner tube is bigger than that of thicker tube especially in the zone closed to the weld-seam. The difference in thinning ratio between two tube segments can reach 9%. Consequently, sudden and large fluctuation of thickness appears in the zone nearby the weld-seam. The difference in thinning ratio between thinner and thicker tubes enlarges as the thickness difference increases, but improves as length ratio increases. Different strain states are the main reason to induce nonuniform thickness distribution. The difference in thickness is the main reason to induce different strain states on thinner and thicker tubes.

Solution of rectangular bar forging with bulging of sides by strain rate vector inner-product

Abstract：ools. The effective strain rate for for determining the total pressure developed during forging of a rectangular bar forging with bulging was expressed in terms of four-dimensional strain rate vector. The inner-product of the vector was termwise integrated and summed. The integral mean value theorem was applied to determining the ratio of the strain rate components and the values of direction cosine of the vector and then an analytical solution of stress effective factor was obtained. The compression experiments of pure lead bar were performed to test the accuracy of the solution. The optimized results of total pressure by golden section search were compared with those of the indicator readings of the testing machine. It indicates that the optimized total pressures are 2.60%-10.14% higher than those measured. The solution is available and still an upper-bound solution.

China-Japan Security Relations and China＇s Countermeasures

Security relations are crucial in China-Japan relations. Since the"nationalization"of the Diaoyu Islands by Japan in 2012, mutual trust between China and Japan has been declining, and bilateral security relations have reached a low point. China-Japan security relations are typified by ongoing dispute over the Diaoyu Islands, lack of mutual trust exacerbated by various actions by Japan, and the delay of China-Japan security dialogues. The evolution of China-Japan security relations derived from the Diaoyu Islands dispute is clearly beyond the scope of the dispute itself, with deep-rooted internal and external factors. In the near future,China-Japan security relations will face more challenges than opportunities. China should take measures, including enhancing mutual trust in politics and security between the two countries, to impose necessary pressure on Japan to change course, to win over neighboring countries so as to avoid pretext for Japan's intervention in regional issues,and to strengthen interpersonal communication and understanding between people of the two countries in order to stabilize security relations.

Distinct intensity of 10-30-day intraseasonal waves over the North Pacific between early and late summers

The authors’previous study identified the wave trains of intraseasonal oscillations,which are mainly in the band of 10–30 days,over the North Pacific during summer.The wave trains are zonally oriented and trapped along the upper-tropospheric westerly jet,and accordingly gain energy mainly through baroclinic energy conversion.In this study,the authors investigate the distinct features of the wave trains between early summer(1 June to 7 July)and late summer(8 July to 31 August),considering that the westerly jet experiences a remarkable subseasonal variation over the North Pacific during summer—that is,the jet is much stronger in early summer than late summer.The results indicate that the wave trains are stronger in early summer compared with late summer.Further analysis suggests that,in early summer,the wave trains can obtain energy more efficiently from the basic flow;or more exactly,stronger westerlies through baroclinic energy conversion.

Endoscopic decompression of the optic canal for traumatic optic neuropathy

Purpose： Traumatic optic neuropathy （TON） is a serious complication of head trauma with the incidence rate of 0.5%-5%. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic decompression of the optic canal for optic nerve injuries. Methods： In this study, 11 patients treated in our hospital from January 2009 to January 2015 with the visual loss resulting from TON were retrospectively reviewed for preoperative vision, visual evoked potential （VEP） scan, surgical approach, postoperative visual acuity, complications, and follow-up results. Results： All these patients received endoscopic decompression of the optic canal. At the 3-month follow- up, the visual acuity improvement rate of the 11 patients was 45.5%. The vision acuity of 2 cases improved from hand movement to 0.08 and 0.3 after operation. Another patient＇s vision acuity returned to 0.05 compared to light sensation preoperatively. Two cases had finger counting before surgery but they had a vision acuity of 0.4 and light sensation respectively after surgery. However, the other 6 cases＇ vision did not improve after surgery. Conclusion： Endoscopic decompression of the optic canal is an effective way to cure TON. VEP could be used as an important reference for preoperative and prognosis evaluation. Operative time after trauma is only a relative condition that may affect the therapeutic effect of optic canal decompression. Poor results of this procedure may be related to the severity of the optic nerve injury.