儿童变应性鼻炎集群早期治疗的效果观察及护理

目的对变应性鼻炎儿童期患儿接受集群(SIT)治疗的可行性进行分析。方法选择2011年5～11月我中心接受治疗的28例变应性鼻炎患儿,治疗前、后,有关临床鼻部症状、治疗效果采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分进行比较。结果研究对象均顺利完成计量累加阶段治疗,治疗前、后,鼻部症状改善程度,治疗效果VAS评分比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论集群免疫治疗是一种快速、有效、安全的治疗方法,具有节省达到维持量所需时间和更快获得临床症状改善的特点,肯定了儿童期患儿接受集群治疗的可行性。

重庆地区244例支气管哮喘变应原皮肤试验和血清IgE检测的探讨

近年来小儿支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发病率有逐年增加的趋势,为常见的呼吸道慢性变态反应性疾病,病因复杂,常与过敏有关。我科对确诊的244例哮喘患儿进行了变应原皮试和检测血清IgE水平,对其二者的相关性进行探讨,为及早诊断和防治哮喘反复发病,提供理论依据,现报道如下。

694例变应性鼻炎诊治体会

目前治疗变应性鼻炎以脱敏与药物治疗为主,但疗效多不稳定.1995～2002年,我院收治1426例变应性鼻炎患者中,有694例患者坚持脱敏治疗.通过使用变应原与组织胺递增脱敏疗法,并与常规脱敏治疗对比,观察其临床疗效,报告如下.

Applications of cascade multilevel inverters

Cascade multilevel inverters have been developed for electric utility applications. A cascade M level inverter consists of (M 1)/2 H bridges in which each bridge's dc voltage is supported by its own dc capacitor. The new inverter can: (1) generate almost sinusoidal waveform voltage while only switching one time per fundamental cycle; (2) dispense with multi pulse inverters' transformers used in conventional utility interfaces and static var compensators; (3) enables direct parallel or series transformer less connection to medium and high voltage power systems. In short, the cascade inverter is much more efficient and suitable for utility applications than traditional multi pulse and pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. The authors have experimentally demonstrated the superiority of the new inverter for power supply, (hybrid) electric vehicle (EV) motor drive, reactive power (var) and harmonic compensation. This paper summarizes the features, feasibility, and control schemes of the cascade inverter for utility applications including utility interface of renewable energy, voltage regulation, var compensation, and harmonic filtering in power systems. Analytical, simulated, and experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the new inverters.

Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate

In order to determine the relationship among energy consumption of rock and its fragmentation, dynamic strength and strain rate, granite, sandstone and limestone specimens were chosen and tested on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment with half-sine waveform loading at the strain rates ranging from 40 to 150 s- 1. With recorded signals, the energy consumption, strain rate and dynamic strength were analyzed. And the fragmentation behaviors of specimens were investigated. The experimental results show that the energy consumption density of rock increases linearly with the total incident energy. The energy consumption density is of an exponent relationship with the average size of rock fragments. The higher the energy consumption density, the more serious the fragmentation, and the better the gradation of fragments. The energy consumption density takes a good logarithm relationship with the dynamic strength of rock. The dynamic strength of rock increases with the increase of strain rate, indicating higher strain rate sensitivity.

An appraisal of techniques and equipment for cutting force measurement

Current research focussed on the assessment of metal machining process parameters and on the development of adaptive control, shows that machine performance, work-piece and tool material selections, tool life, quality of machined surfaces, the geometry of cutting tool edges, and cutting conditions are closely related to the cutting forces. This information is of great interest to cutting tool manufactures and users alike. Over the years there have been significant developments and improvements in the equipment used to monitor such forces. In 1930 mechanical gauges were replaced by resistance strain gauges, and some 30 years later compact air gauge dynamometers were invented. Since this time intensive research has continued being directed to- wards developing new approaches to cutting force measurement. The Kistler Company, well-known manufacturer of acceleration and piezoelectrical dynamometers, has worked in this field for more than three decades, and developed very sensitive devices. While leading manufacturing research laboratories are often equipped with this technology, classical electrical strain gauges and other dynamometers of individual designs are still commonly used in industry. The present paper presents data obtained using different techniques of force measurement in metal machining processes. In particular, areas of uncertainties, illustrated through results concerning the turning process, are analysed, leading to an appraisal of the current status of these measurements and their significance.

Modeling an emissions peak in China around 2030: Synergies or trade-offs between economy, energy and climate security

China has achieved a political consensus around the need to transform the path of economic growth toward one that lowers carbon intensity and ultimately leads to reductions in carbon emissions, but there remain different views on pathways that could achieve such a transformation. The essential question is whether radical or incremental reforms are required in the coming decades. This study explores relevant pathways in China beyond 2020, particularly modeling the major target choices of carbon emission peaking in China around 2030 as China-US Joint Announcement by an integrated assessment model for climate change IAMC based on carbon factor theory. Here scenarios DGS-2020, LGS2025, LBS-2030 and DBS-2040 derived from the historical pathways of developed countries are developed to access the comprehensive impacts on the economy, energy and climate security for the greener development in China. The findings suggest that the period of 2025--2030 is the window of opportunity to achieve a peak in carbon emissions at a level below 12 Gt CO2 and 8.5 t per capita by reasonable trade-offs from economy growth, annually -0.2% in average and cumulatively -3% deviation to BAU in 2030. The oil and natural gas import dependence will exceed 70% and 45% respectively while the non-fossil energy and electricity share will rise to above 20% and 45%. Meantime, the electrification level in end use sectors will increase substantially and the electricity energy ratio approaching 50%, the labor and capital productivity should be double in improvements and the carbon intensity drop by 65% by 2030 compared to the 2005 level, and the cumulative emission reductions are estimated to be more than 20 Gt CO2 in 2015-2030.

Vulnerability assessment of water resources to climate change in Chinese cities

Climate change is an inevitable trend,which challenges security of water resources in China,especially in cities.Assessing vulnerability of water resource to climate change in cities has important role for policy makers. The paper constructs a vulnerability function,including exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity,according to the vulnerability concept proposed by IPCC,establishes an assessment indicators system of water resources to climate change in cities,and analyzes vulnerability features of Chinese cites based on 655 cities＇data in 2006.The vulnerability assessment results show that there are distinctive differences among all the cities,between east,central and west cities,between ordinary,big and mega cities,while there is no statistical significant difference between north and south cities.Based on the research,the paper suggests that strategic emphasis should focus on the central cities and ordinary cities

Investigation on Variable-Speed Drives for Residential Air-Conditioning Applications

Variable-voltage variable-frequency drives have been widely adopted by building services engineers in the area of HVAC （heating, ventilation and air conditioning） applications and became the substantial energy consumption in both commercial and residential buildings. Since the speed of a compressor driven by a conventional TPIM （two-phase induction motor） is fixed, it is either switched ＂ON＂, working at maximum capacity or switched ＂OFF＂ by a thermostat. While the most recent VF （variable-frequency） reluctance motor driven compressor delivers an enhanced performance over TPIM drive, it also provides variable-speed operation as the temperature changes, while improving the overall energy efficiency. This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of both TPIM and VF compressor drives for single-phase residential air-conditioning applications. Their cooling performance and harmonic distortions will be investigated. International standards for harmonic limits will also be applied in evaluating the distortions created by the VF drive.

Estonia： The Prospects of Nuclear Energy

This paper details the prospects for a civil nuclear power station in Estonia. Due to its climate change commitments, Estonia needs a new source of electricity provision. There is little academic literature on Estonia, and this research builds upon previous work but is more detailed in its analysis with primary data included in the form of interviews with Estonian energy industry experts. All the conditions that have led to nuclear energy being considered as an option are assessed, along with why it represents the most strategic path for Estonia in terms of electricity provision. Through the interview analysis a framework is established and advanced for the successful initiation of a national nuclear power plant project. This research is therefore of high value for small EU countries who intend to consider nuclear energy as an option in their energy mix or have more advanced plans to develop a nuclear program.

Considerations of Electricity Supply Quality in Spain

The quality of supply in Spain is regulated by Act 54/1997 as the basic standard and further developed by Royal Decree 1955/2000, among others. Also this law （1997） introduces the division between generators, distribution companies and retailers. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the fundamental parameters to be taken into account when examining the status of national regulations in Spain on the quality of electricity supply, in addition to describing the various agents intervening in these. There are two more aspects to consider： the guarantee of supply and energy is provided at the lowest cost to consumers. The authors propose to include phase-shifting transformers at specific strategic points, in accordance with power flow control principles in parallel circuits. Finally, it can be concluded that Royal Decree 222/2008 needs reviewing and applying effectively, as do modifications to Royal Decree 1995/2000 providing remuneration that effectively induces electricity companies to invest in their networks, and ends with ＂a well-paid electricity company is obliged to invest in network improvements＂.

Energy band design for p-type tensile strained Si/SiGe multi-quantum well infrared photodetector

The band structure of the confined states is calculated for Si/SiGe multi-quantum well infrared photodetector(M-QWIP).The influence of the Ge component in pseudosubstrate on the energy band structure of Si/Si0.54Ge0.46 multi-quantum wells(MQWs) is investigated.It is found that the high energy levels in the MQWs move up while the low energy levels move down as the Ge component in pseudosubstrate increases.The influence of the barrier width on the energy band structure of MQWs is also studied based on the 6 × 6 k.p method.The results show that the Si barrier between 5 nm and 10 nm is optimized to enhance the intersubband absorption in the MQWs.

Evolution of a flexible rule for foraging that copes with environmental variation

Models of adaptive behaviour typically assume that animals behave as though they have highly complex, detailed strategies for making decisions. In reality, selection favours the optimal balance between the costs and benefits of complexity. Here we investigate this trade-off for an animal that has to decide whether or not to forage for food - and so how much energy reserves to store - depending on the food availability in its environment. We evolve a decision rule that controls the target reserve level for different ranges of food availability, but where increasing complexity is costly in that metabolic rate increases with the sensitivity of the rule. The evolved rule tends to be much less complex than the optimal strategy but performs almost as well, while being less costly to implement. It achieves this by being highly sensitive to changing food availability at low food abun- dance - where it provides a close fit to the optimal strategy - but insensitive when food is plentiful. When food availability is high, the target reserve level that evolves is much higher than under the optimal strategy, which has implications for our under- standing of obesity. Our work highlights the important principle of generalisability of simple decision-making mechanisms, which enables animals to respond reasonably well to conditions not directly experienced by themselves or their ancestors.

Phenology of high-arctic butterflies and their floral resources： Species-specific responses to climate change

Current global warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic and arthropods are expected to respond rapidly to these changes. Long-term studies of individual arthropod species from the Arctic are, however, virtually absent. We examined butterfly specimens collected from yellow pitfall traps over 14 years （1996-2009） at Zackenberg in high-arctic, north-east Greenland. Specimens were previously sorted to the family level. We identified them to the species level and examined long-term species-specific phenological responses to recent summer wanning. Two species were rare in the samples （Polaris fritillary Boloria polaris and Arctic blue Plebejus glandon） and statistical analyses of phenological responses were therefore restricted to the two most abundant species （Arctic fritillary, B. chariclea and Northern clouded yellow Colias hecla）. Our analyses demonstrated a trend towards earlier flight seasons in B. chariclea, but not in C. hecla. The timing of onset, peak and end of the flight season in B. chariclea were closely related to snowmelt, July temperature and their interaction, whereas onset, peak and end of the flight season in C. hecla were only related to timing of snowmelt. The duration of the butterfly flight season was significantly positively related to the temporal overlap with floral resources in both butterfly species. We further demonstrate that yellow pitfall traps are a useful alternative to transect walks for butterfly recording in tundra habitats. More phenological studies of Arctic arthropods should be carded out at the species level and ideally be analysed in context with interacting species to assess how ongoing climate change will affect Arctic biodiversity in the near future [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 243-251, 2014].