互层状岩体的粘弹性流变模型及数值分析

以绿片岩和大理岩互层的层状岩体为研究对象,分别建立单轴轴向压缩荷载垂直和平行于层理时的两种互层状岩体粘弹性流变模型,采用有限差分程序FLAC3D对互层状岩体进行了单轴压缩蠕变试验的数值分析,将轴向应变的数值解与理论解进行对比,验证这两种模型的正确性.在数值分析中考虑大理岩夹层的体积分数、深度、条数和间距等对数值计算结果的影响.研究结果表明,轴向应变的数值解与理论解比较接近,说明提出的两种互层状岩体粘弹性流变模型是正确的.当进行单轴压缩蠕变试验的数值分析时,轴向应变理论解与数值解的误差随着大理岩夹层的深度、条数和间距等的改变呈规律性的增加或者减小.

我国几种主要农产品的未来需求——从可变需求收入弹性看

收入水平是影响农产品消费需求的主要因素,需求收入弹性的大小表征着需求随收入增加的变化状况。建立可变需求弹性估计模型,使用多个年份的截面统计数据,可对我国粮食、猪肉、牛羊肉、家禽、鲜蛋、鱼虾和鲜菜的需求收入弹性进行测算,给出这7种主要农产品的需求收入弹性随着收入变化的定量估计结果,同时,可据此对我国主要农产品未来需求空间大小进行判断。

硬岩的复合黏弹塑性流变模型

基于应变软化模型得到塑性元件,将该塑性元件与六元件黏弹性流变模型组合得到适合于硬岩的复合黏弹塑性流变模型。采用FLAC3D所提供的二次开发接口程序,开发复合黏弹塑性流变模型的数值程序,对锦屏二级水电站的绿片岩单轴压缩蠕变试验曲线进行拟合,采用拟合得到的参数进行计算以验证接口程序的正确性,并对锦屏二级水电站辅助交通洞进行工程流变计算分析。研究结果表明:复合黏弹塑性流变模型具有程序可置入性,采用该模型进行计算时,计算值与理论值完全一致,从而验证了接口程序的正确性;辅助交通洞开挖后,围岩体的最大变形出现在边墙位置,随着时间的增加,边墙位置处围岩体内的位移和最大主应力呈增加的趋势。

紫红色泥岩剪切流变力学特性分析

针对五里堆2#滑坡内的巴东组T2 2b紫红色泥岩,进行室内岩石剪切流变试验,对泥岩在剪切变形过程中的流变特征进行深入研究。选用五元件黏弹性剪切流变模型建立流变方程,用Origin工具函数Exp Assoc拟合泥岩具有黏弹性特征的试验曲线,确定泥岩的黏弹性剪切流变参数。同时,利用流变参数对泥岩的流变曲线进行深入分析。基于泥岩的剪切流变试验,确定泥岩的长期强度参数。与泥岩的瞬时强度参数相比,长期强度参数有所降低。因此,用长期强度参数对滑坡进行设计更能保证工程的安全性。

石膏试样分级加载流变力学特性试验及应用

采用SAW-2000微机控制电液伺服岩石力学试验机,对自然和水饱和石膏试样开展了分级加载流变力学试验.根据流变力学试验结果,采用FLAC3D(fast lagrangian analysis of continua 3 dimension)模拟了水饱和石膏矿采空区顶板和地表沉降的蠕变规律.研究结果表明:自然和水饱和石膏试样的轴向应变和横向应变的大小取决于分级加载应力水平,且随分级加载应力水平的提高而逐渐增大;水饱和石膏试样的长期强度为其自然的长期强度的55%;自然和水饱和石膏试样的横向应变增量与轴向应变增量的比值随加载应力水平的提高而增加;石膏试样的流变力学特性曲线符合粘弹性流变特征,属于蠕变韧性破坏;石膏矿在淹井或闭坑后的半年至一年期间,是矿柱加速蠕变阶段且伴随矿柱的损伤演化直至破坏,是引发地表沉降的活跃期.

收入增长对台湾居民食物消费结构的影响

对台湾居民收入增长过程中食物消费结构的变化进行了定量研究。结果表明,在低收入水平时,台湾居民食物消费结构单一,以谷类和薯类为主;收入水平提高以后,谷类、薯类的消费量下降,肉、蛋、奶、等食物的消费量增加,消费结构发生变化。变弹性需求收入模型分析表明,收入增加是食物消费结构变化的主要因素,各类食物消费收入弹性不同,消费量随着收入变化的方向和幅度有较大差异;当人均收入超过10000美元时消费量趋于稳定。台湾居民食物消费量和消费结构的变化规律可以为大陆提供了借鉴。

中国古代大木作结构斗竖向承载力的试验研究

In order to study the mechanism of seismic isolation、seismic absorption and the limiting strength of Dougong under the seismic vertical action in Chinese timber structure, by following the building regulation of Ying Zao Fa Shi published in Song Dynasty (960A.D. —1279 A.D.) in China history, the three Dougong models with the scale of 1/3.52 of the prototype structure are made, and on which the limiting strength experiments are carried out. The experimental phenomenon is observed, and the relevant P-△ curves are drawn simultaneously. The tested results show that :under the vertical load,(1) the mechanical behaviors of Dougong can be regarded as linear-elastic mechanic model with varied modulus of elasticity, and expressed with SDOF system; (2) the first cause of the destruction of Dougong is the break of the midmost of Huagong;(3) Dougong plays a very important role in reducing obviously seismic responses of the Chinese timber structure due to the sdismic vertical transmissibility is approximate to 0.019;and ⑷ under the normal condition, the material strain and stress of Dougong are very small, and no more than 1/7 of the limiting, so the abundance of the material strength is quite large. This ensures that many Chinese ancient wooden structures have survived many violent earthquakes and stood over one thousand years.

非晶态物质的本质和特性

非晶态物质是复杂的多体相互作用体系,其基本特征是原子和电子结构复杂,微观结构长程无序,体系在能量上处在亚稳态,具有复杂的多重弛豫行为,其物理、化学和力学性质、特征及结构随时间演化。不稳定,随机性,不可逆是非晶物质的基本要素,自组织,复杂性,时间在非晶物质中起重要作用。复杂的非晶态物质有很多基本而独特的性质。非晶态物质的复杂性没有能阻挡住人们对它的兴趣和研究。现在人们把越来越多的目光从相对简单的有序物质体系关注到复杂相互作用的无序非晶体系。近几十年来,非晶的研究在无序中发现有序,在纷繁和复杂中寻求简单和美,引领了新的研究方向,导致很多新概念、新思想、新方法、新工艺、新模型和理论,以及新物质观的产生。非晶态合金(又称金属玻璃)是50多年前偶然发现的一类新型非晶材料。非晶合金的发现极大地丰富了金属物理的研究内容,带动了非晶态物理和材料的蓬勃发展,把非晶物理研究推向凝聚态物理的前沿。今天,非晶物理已成为凝聚态物理的一个重要和有挑战性的分支。非晶态材料不仅成为性能独特、在日常生活和高新技术领域都广泛使用的新材料,同时也成为研究材料科学和凝聚态物理中一些重要科学问题的模型体系。本文试图用科普的语言,以非晶合金为典型非晶物质综述非晶物理和材料的发展历史和精彩故事、介绍非晶科学中的主要概念、研究方法、重要科学问题和难题、非晶材料的形成机理、结构特征、非晶的本质、非晶中的重要转变–玻璃转变、非晶中的重要理论模型、物理和力学性能及非晶材料的各种应用等方面的研究概况和最新的重要进展。还介绍了非晶领域今后的研究动态及趋势,以及这门学科面临的重要问题、发展前景和方向。

无粘性颗粒堆底的应力分布

从弹性理论出发 ,推导出了变系数弹性模型。利用此模型 ,计算了二维沙堆式样里的应力分布 ,得到了试样底面应力分布曲线有低陷的结论 ,并用不同方法验证了模型的稳定性与准确性。

汕头市产业集聚效果的实证分析

通过利用不变替代弹性生产函数模型对汕头市产业集聚效果进行实证分析,发现汕头市内部集聚经济,布局集聚经济和城市集聚经济都非常弱,其经济发展对粤东区域其他地市影响十分有限,尚难以担当粤东区域的龙头。为此,汕头市要积极促进产业集聚,构造个性化产业,创造创业氛围,促进城市进程。

Nonlinear elastic deformation of magnesium and cobalt by Preisach-Mayergoyz model

A classic hysteretic model, Preisach-Mayergoyz model （P-M model）, was used to calculate the nonlinear elastic deformation of magnesium （Mg） and cobalt （Co）. Mg and Co samples in cylinder shape were compressively tested by uniaxial test machine to obtain their stress—strain curves with hysteretic loops. The hysteretic loops do have two properties of P-M hysteretic systems： wiping out and congruency. It is proved that P-M model is applicable for the analysis of these two metals’ hysteresis. This model was applied on Mg at room temperature and Co at 300 ℃. By the P-M model, Co and Mg nonlinear elastic deformation can be calculated based on the stress history. The simulated stress—strain curves agree well with the experimental results. Therefore, the mechanical hysteresis of these two metals can be easily predicted by the classic P-M hysteretic model.

A model of deformation of thin-wall surface parts during milling machining process

A three-dimensional finite element model was established for the milling of thin-walled parts. The physical model of the milling of the part was established using the AdvantEdge FEM software as the platform. The aluminum alloy impeller was designated as the object to be processed and the boundary conditions which met the actual machining were set. Through the solution, the physical quantities such as the three-way cutting force, the tool temperature, and the tool stress were obtained, and the calculation of the elastic deformation of the thin-walled blade of the free-form surface at the contact points between the tool and the workpiece was realized. The elastic deformation law of the thin-walled blade was then predicted. The results show that the maximum deviation between the predicted value and the actual measured machining value of the elastic deformation was 26.055 μm; the minimum deviation was 2.011 μm, with the average deviation being 10.154 μm. This shows that the prediction is in close agreement with the actual result.

Elastoplastic model for discontinuous shear deformation of deep rock mass

Deep rock mass possesses some unusual properties due to high earth stress,which further result in new problems that have not been well understood and explained up to date.In order to investigate the deformation mechanism,the complete deformation process of deep rock mass,with a great emphasis on local shear deformation stage,was analyzed in detail.The quasi continuous shear deformation of the deep rock mass is described by a combination of smooth functions:the averaged distribution of the original deformation field,and the local discontinuities along the slip lines.Hence,an elasto-plastic model is established for the shear deformation process,in which the rotational displacement is taken into account as well as the translational component.Numerical analysis method was developed for case study.Deformation process of a tunnel under high earth stress was investigated for verification.

Influence of Tacking Sequence on Residual Stress and Distortion of Single Sided Fillet Submerged Arc Welded Joint

Submerged arc welding （SAW） is advantageous for joining high thickness materials in large structure due to high material deposition rate. The non-uniform heating and cooling generates the thermal stresses and subsequently the residual stresses and distortion. The longitudinal and transverse residual stresses and angular distortion are generally measured in large panel structure of submerged arc welded fillet joints. Hence, the objective of this present work is to quantify the amount of residual stress and distortion in and around the weld joint due to positioning of stiffeners tack. The tacking sequence influences the level of residual stress and proper controlling of tacking sequences is required to minimize the stress. In present study, an elasto-plastic material behavior is considered to develop the thermo mechanical model which predicts the residual stress and angular distortion with varying tacking sequences. The simulated result reveals that the tacking sequence heavily influences the residual stress and deformation pattern of the single sided fillet joint. The finite element based numerical model is calibrated by comparing the experimental data from published literature. Henceforth, the angular distortions are measured from an in-house developed experimental set-up. A fair agreement between the predicted and experimental results indicates the robustness of the developed numerical model. However, the most significant conclusion from present study states that tack weld position should be placed opposite to the fillet weld side to minimize the residual stress.

Visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model for compressed asphalt mastic

In order to describe the three-stage creep behavior of compressed asphalt mastic, a visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed in this work. The model parameters are treated as quadratic polynomial functions with respect to stress and temperature. A series of uniaxial compressive creep experiments are performed at various stress and temperature conditions in order to determine these parameter functions, and then the proposed model is validated by comparison between the predictions and experiments at the other loading conditions. It is shown that very small permanent deformation at low stress and temperature increases rapidly with elevated stress or temperature and the damage may initiate in the stationary stage but mainly develops in the accelerated stage. Compared with the visco-elastoplastic models without damage, the predictions from the proposed model is in better agreement with the experiments, and can better capture the rate-dependency in creep responses of asphalt mastic especially below its softening point of 47 ℃

An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for interface thin-layer element and its verification

The mechanical behaviors of the interface between coarse-grained soil and concrete were investigated by simple shear tests under condition of mixed soil slurry (bentonite mixed with cement grout).For comparison,the interfaces both without slurry and with bentonite slurry were analyzed.The experimental results show that different slurries exert much influence on the strength and deformation of soil/structure interface.Under mixed soil slurry,strain softening and shear dilatation are observed,while shear dilatation appears under the small normal stress of the interface without slurry,and shear contraction is significant under the condition of the bentonite slurry.The thickness of the interface was determined by analyzing the disturbed height of the sample with both simple shear test and particle flow code (PFC).An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for thin layer element of interface was formulated in the framework of generalized potential theory.The relation curves of shear stress and shear strain,as well as the relation curves of normal strain and shear strain,were fitted by a piecewise function composed by hyperbolic functions and resembling normal functions.The entire model parameters can be identified by tests.The new model is verified by comparing the measured data of indoor cut-off wall model tests with the predictions from finite element method (FEM).The FEM results indicate that the stress of wall calculated by using Goodman element is too large,and the maximum deviation between the test data and prediction is about 45%.While the prediction from the proposed model is close to the measured data,and the error is generally less than 10%.

Theoretical analysis on the deformation characteristics of coal wall in a longwall top coal caving face

Against the background of analyzing coal wall stability in 14101 fully mechanized longwall top coal caving face in Majialiang coal mine,based on the torque equilibrium of the coal wall,shield support and the roof strata,an elastic mechanics model was established to calculate the stress applied on the coal wall.The displacement method was used to obtain the stress and deformation distributions of the coal wall.This study also researched the influence of support resistance,protective pressure to the coal wall,fracture position of the main roof and mining height on the coal wall deformation.The following conclusions are drawn:(1) The shorter the distance from the longwall face,the greater the vertical compressive stress and horizontal tensile stress borne by the coal wall.The coal wall is prone to failure in the form of compressive-shear and tension;(2) With increasing support resistance,the revolution angle of the main roof decreases linearly.As the support resistance and protective force supplied by the face guard increases,the maximum deformation of the coal wall decreases linearly;(3) As the face approaches the fracture position of the main roof,coal wall horizontal deformation increases significantly,and the coal wall is prone to instability;and(4) The best mining height of 14101 longwall face is 3.0 m.

ELASTIC DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF MULTILA YERED STRANDS

This paper describes a general model for the mechanical behavior studying of general wire rope strand. An exact solution of the deformation characteristics was given when the strands is under tensile and torsional loads. The theoretical results are useful in evaluating the extensional and torsional moduli of rigidity for the strands. Finally, a simple design criterion is establised for the nonrotating ropes.

Embankment deformation analyzed by elastoplastic damage model coupling consolidation theory

The deformation, of embankment has serious influences on neighboring structure and infrastructure. A trial embankment is reanalyzed by elastoplastic damage model coupling Blot＇ s consolidation theory. With the increase in time of loading, the damage accumulation becomes larger. Under the centre and toe of embankment, damage becomes serious. Under the centre of embankment, vertical damage values are bigger than horizontal ones. Under the toe of embankment, horizontal damage values are bigger than vertical ones.