高温退火对UNSN10276合金冷变形硬化行为的影响

UNSN10276合金是一种含铬、钼、钨和铁的镍基耐蚀合金,通常,冷轧前要进行高温退火,以提高其可变形性能。对UNSN10276合金进行了1050~1250℃保温10min、30min、60min和120min水冷的退火处理,以揭示退火工艺对合金的显微组织和冷变形硬化行为的影响。结果表明:低于1150℃退火的合金的晶粒度变化不明显,而高于1150℃退火的合金晶粒明显长大;随着退火温度的升高和保温时间的延长,合金的加工硬化指数n增大,从而可提高合金的冷加工变形的均匀性,但不同应变阶段的应变硬化速率θ的变化没有明显规律,从而影响N10276合金最佳退火工艺的确定。

混凝土硬化变形特征与破坏规律相关性实验研究

通过CCD相机搭建试验的数据采集系统,以数字散斑相关方法对试验中采集的散斑图像数据进行分析,研究混凝土试件硬化过程中试件表面变形场演化特征及其对后期受载破坏规律的影响。试验结果表明:(1)混凝土硬化变形时空演化表现为变形缓慢增加、变形快速增加、变形稳定3个阶段特征;混凝土硬化变形时空演化过程是一个从拉、压区域不断调整到最终稳定的动态过程,调整过程中在受拉区形成损伤集中区;混凝土硬化变形场空间演化特征表现为由不均匀分布演化为拉、压应变区域呈条状相间的分布状态。(2)受载过程中裂纹在硬化变形受拉较大的区域开始发育,随着荷载的增加裂纹沿着硬化过程中形成的条状受拉区域扩展成宏观裂纹且试件表面裂纹具有等距分布特征。

非连续粗糙多界面接触变形和能量损耗特性研究

非连续多层叠加结构的粗糙界面接触形变与能量损耗特性是一项研究较少的难题。在单一界面能量损耗特性研究的基础上,通过建立"多层粗糙金属板-刚性平面"的多界面模型,采用有限元方法,对加载与卸载过程中,具有不同界面形貌、不同塑性变形行为和界面摩擦的多层叠加模型粗糙多界面的接触力和变形进行计算,研究了多层叠加结构粗糙界面上的接触力-变形关系,以及由塑性变形与界面摩擦引起的能量损耗特性,构造了描述粗糙多界面上接触力-变形关系表达式,计算了多层粗糙界面的能量传递损耗率,分析了多层叠加结构的非连续粗糙多界面接触变形机理和能量损耗特性。

基于ABAQUS的自紧身管应力仿真

目前高膛压火炮普遍采用自紧身管,自紧身管强度分析涉及制造时、制造后和射击时工况,应力分布十分复杂,为此借助ABAQUS软件基于mises屈服准则对确定的自紧身管截面进行了详细的应力仿真分析,包括弹性变形应力分布、自紧身管应力分布、变形硬化和反向屈服对自紧身管应力分布的影响。仿真表明,自紧身管制造后由于主应力顺序发生变化导致mises应力曲线变化十分复杂;向上的变形硬化会减小屈服区域,增大mises应力峰值;反向屈服通常出现在壁厚较大、自紧度较大的自紧身管中,其会导致管壁内应力分布更加复杂,但不会增加强度。由于我国自紧身管理论采用treca屈服准则,该研究有助于深化对自紧身管强度理论的认识。

超高韧性水泥基复合材料弯曲性能及韧性评价方法

本文利用薄板试件和梁试件,采用三分点加载,对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(Ultra High Toughness Cementitious Composite,简称UHTCC)的受弯性能进行了试验研究,并在试验结果的基础上探讨了适于UHTCC弯曲韧性的评价方法。薄板四点弯曲试验表明,UHTCC材料具有可与金属相比拟的弯曲变形能力。四点弯曲梁试验表明,UHTCC材料具有优异的裂缝无害化分散能力,在荷载达到峰值裂缝开始局部化扩展之前,裂缝在整个梁深几乎始终以扁平形式存在和扩展,宽度始终保持在几十个微米量级,不同梁深位置的变形协调通过裂缝条数的变化实现。梁试验表明,UHTCC具有非常高的耗能能力,到达峰值荷载时消耗的能量是对应钢纤维消耗能量的13倍,该材料试件在跨中挠度达到l/60时仍能够保持良好的完整性,是用于结构抗震的理想材料。在弯曲韧性的评价方法分析中发现,ASTMC1018方法中的韧性指数用于评价UHTCC可能会引起一定的误导,将限定计算挠度扩展后的JSCE-SF4方法能够很好地描述该材料的耗能能力,而本文定义的"变形硬化系数法"通过给出不同变形情况下的抗弯强度,不仅能够有效评价UHTCC的韧性特征,也能够很好地满足当前结构设计的需求,总之,经过改进后的JSCE-SF4方法结合"变形硬化系数法"能够从能量和强度两个方面全面地评价UHTCC的弯曲韧性。

基于性能的BRB支撑框架的设计方法

自从1995年日本阪神地震后,限制屈曲支撑(BRB)作为新型耗能减震构件在日本得到广泛认可,并被应用于日本的许多重要建筑中。目前限制屈曲支撑被美国和台湾等国家和地区广泛应用于框架结构中。本文介绍了限制屈曲支撑的特点、介绍了美国2005抗震设计规范所采用的设计方法。

Effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on strain hardening and softening behavior of pure copper

The effects of the deformation temperature and the strain rate on the hot deformation behavior of pure copper were investigated based on compression tests. The expressions of strain hardening rate, dynamic recrystallization critical stress, saturated stress, dynamic recovery volume fraction and dynamic recrystallization volume fraction were determined. According to the processing map, the instability regions occur in regions of 400?450 °C, 0.001?0.05 s?1 and 450?750 °C, 0.05?1 s?1. The deformation mechanism in the stability region is dynamic recrystallization. The flow stress was predicted. The results also show that the true stress–true strain curves predicted by the extracted model are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Influence of pre-deformation on age-hardening response and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-6%Zn-1%Mn alloy

The effect of cold plastic deformation between solution treatment and artificial aging on the age-hardening response and mechanical properties of alloy was investigated by micro-hardness test,tensile test,optical microscopy（OM） and TEM observation.After solution treatment at 420 ℃ for 1 h,three kinds of pre-deformation strains,i.e.0,5% and 10%,were applied to extruded ZM61 bars.Age-hardening curves show that pre-deformation can significantly accelerate the precipitation kinetics and increase peak-hardness value;however,as pre-deformation strain rises from 5% to 10%,there is no gain in peak hardness value.The room temperature（RT） tensile properties demonstrate that increasing the pre-deformation degree can enhance the yield strength（YS） and ultimate tensile strength（UTS） but moderately reduce elongation（EL）;furthermore,the enhancement of YS is larger than that of UTS.No twin can be observed in 5% pre-deformed microstructure;however,a large number of twins are activated after 10% pre-deformation.The peak-aged TEM microstructure shows that pre-deformation can increase the number density of rod-shaped β 1 ＇ precipitates which play a key role in strengthening ZM61 alloy.

Effects of high temperature pre-straining on natural aging and bake hardening response of Al-Mg-Si alloys

The influences of high temperature pre-straining (HT-PS) on the natural aging and bake hardening of Al?Mg?Si alloys were investigated by Vickers microhardness measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization. The results show that pre-straining at 170 °C immediately after quenching can effectively resolve the rather high T4 temper hardness caused by the conventional room temperature (RT) pre-straining treatment, and give a better bake hardening response (BHR) after paint-bake cycle. HT-PS 7% at 170 °C for 10 min is chosen as the optimum process as it provides lower T4 temper hardness and better BHR. The simultaneous introduction of dislocations and Cluster (2) can significantly suppress the natural aging and promote the precipitation of β″ phase, and reduce the effects of deformation hardening by dynamic recovery.

Mechanical properties of Mg-6Gd-1Y-0.5Zr alloy processed by low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment

An as-solution treated Mg-6Gd-1Y-0.4Zr alloy was processed by low temperature thermo-mechanical treatments （LT-TMT）, including cold tension with various strains followed by aging at 200 °C to peak hardness. The results show that the precipitation kinetics of the alloy experienced LT-TMT is greatly accelerated and the aging time to peak hardness is greatly decreased with increasing tensile strain. The tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature of the alloy after cold tension with strain of 10% and peak aging at 200 °C are 251 MPa, 296 MPa and 8%, respectively, which are superior to the commercial heat-resistant WE54 alloy, although the latter has a higher rare earth element content.

Cryogenic forming behaviour of AW-6016-T4 sheet

The objective of this work is to study the cryogenic sheet metal forming behaviour of precipitation hardening AW-6016-T4.In this regard,the flow curves and forming limit curves were obtained by tension and Nakazima experimental testing methods in thetemperature ranges from-196to25°C.It was found that strength and elongation increase with decreasing temperature.Small butperceived differences between microstructure of the material deformed at the room and cryogenic temperatures respectively wereidentified by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis.However,no significant difference in the precipitation kinetics duringcontinuous heating in the DSC has been observed.This study has demonstrated the potential of cryogenic forming by manufacturinga B-pillar part with8mm depth of side design element as compared to6mm at room temperature.

Microstructure, hardness evolution and thermal stability of binary Al-7Mg alloy processed by ECAP with intermediate annealing

A binary Al-7Mg alloy was processed by equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） at room temperature via route Bc, combined with intermediate annealing. After 6 passes, a high hardness of HV218 is achieved. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） observations demonstrate that ECAP leads to a significant grain refinement and ultrafine grains down to 100-200 nm are developed after 5 or 6 passes. X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis indicates that the major part of Mg atoms are in solid solution in the deformed material, and the possible strengthening effect of Mg solute atom clusters or precipitates is neglected. The high hardness of the 6 pass-treated materials comes mainly from grain boundary strengthening, which contributes about 41% to the total strength, while dislocations and Mg solid solution contribute about 24% and 35% to the remaining strength, respectively. Also, the thermal stability of this severely deformed material was investigated by hardness measurements. The material is relatively stable when annealed at a temperature lower than 250 ℃, while annealing at 300 ℃ leads to a rapid softening of the material.

Effect of strain hardening and strain softening on welding distortion and residual stress of A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy by simulation analysis

The effect of strain hardening and strain softening behavior of flow stress changing with temperature on welding residual stress, plastic strain and welding distortion of ATN0 1-T4 aluminum alloy was studied by finite simulation method. The simulation results show that the weld seam undergoes strain hardening in the temperature range of 180-250 ℃, however, it exhibits strain softening at temperature above 250 ℃ during welding heating and cooling process. As a result, the strain hardening and strain softening effects counteract each other, introducing slightly influence on the welding residual stress, residual plastic strain and distortion. The welding longitudinal residual stress was determined by ultrasonic stress measurement method for the flat plates of A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy. The simulation results are well accordant with test ones.

Properties improvement and microstructure changes during thermomechanical treatment in sintered Cu-Au alloy

The changes in hardness, microhardness, electrical conductivity and microstructure of the sintered Cu-4%Au （mole fraction） alloy during thermomechanical treatment were studied. Following the primary strain hardening, an annealing of rolled alloy in the temperature range of 60-350 ℃ provided additional strengthening due to the anneal hardening effect. An increase in properties took place in two stages, and the best combination of properties was achieved in the alloy pre-rolled with 40% reduction after annealing at 260 ℃. Significant microstructural changes followed the changes of properties in the course of the thermomechanical treatment.

停用期如何维护液压系

液压系统是汽车、农用运输车的重要工作装置。维护保养长期停用期间的液压系统的关键,是卸去负荷、防止锈蚀和损坏。

高韧性纤维混凝土受弯性能试验研究

利用正交试验分析方法,以粉煤灰掺量比、水胶比和聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维掺量为变量因素,设计了9组共27个高韧性纤维混凝土试件,以四点弯曲试验方法测试材料的弯曲性能。对比分析了不同配比下材料的裂缝发展模式及弯曲荷载-挠度曲线的韧性性能。试验结果表明四点弯曲试验能够较好地反映材料变形能力;纤维的加入改变了基体的失效模式,提高了材料的弯曲性能;考察的3个变量因素对高韧性纤维混凝土极限强度和弯曲韧性的影响规律基本相同,其主次顺序为：PVA纤维掺量、粉煤灰掺量比、水胶比;当粉煤灰掺量比在1.2,PVA纤维掺量在2%,水胶比不高于0.27时,材料表现出较好的弯曲韧性。最后结合扫描电镜结果,对高韧性纤维混凝土中纤维的分布、截面性质做出了分析与讨论。

Viscoelastic deformation behavior of cement and emulsified asphalt mortar in China railway track system I prefabricated slab track

Under repeated train-induced loads, cement and emulsified asphalt mortar(CA mortar) as a viscoelastic material has a time-dependent deformation, part of which is irreversible. This could lead to debonding between the mortar layer and the track slab. Based on the theory of viscoelasticity and the analytical method of the time hardening law(THL), the viscoelastic deformation behavior of CA mortar was studied. Using ABAQUS, we established a solid model of China railway track system(CRTS) Ⅰ prefabricated slab track, with CA mortar at different initial Young’s moduli under cyclic loading corresponding to the influence of actual train loads. The results reveal that the fitted parameters of the THL for CA mortar are suitable for describing its viscoelastic deformation. As the initial Young’s modulus increases, the strain difference before and after cyclic loading gradually decreases, and the displacement difference increases from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. The deformation mainly occurs at the end of a mortar layer with longitudinal distribution of about 2.5 times the fasteners’ spacing. It follows that the viscoelastic performance of CA mortar is one of the most important reasons that cause debonding underneath the track slab. Therefore, we suggest that the adverse effects of viscoelastic behavior of CA mortar should be considered when researching such deformation and damage.

Exceptional high-strain-rate tensile mechanical properties in a CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy

Alloys with combined outstanding strength and excellent ductility are highly desirable for many structural applications.However,alloys subjected to deformation at very high strain rates and/or cryogenic temperatures usually suffer from very limited ductility.Here,we demonstrate that a bulk CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy presents exceptional combination of high strength and excellent ductility during deformation at high strain rates over a wide temperature range.Full tensile stress-strain curves at a high strain rate of 2000s^(-1) and temperatures down to 77 K were successfully obtained using an electromagnetic Hopkinson tension bar system attached with a cooling device,revealing high true ultimate tensile strength(σ_(UTS,T))of 1.8 GPa and true strain of~54% at σ_(UTS,T).These outstanding mechanical properties were mainly attributed to profuse deformation twinning.Both high strain rate and cryogenic temperature promoted deformation twinning.Grain refinement caused by deformation twinning,dislocation slip and dynamic recrystallisation added to work hardening and the excellent tensile strain.