上海自贸区设立与变法模式思考——以“暂停法律实施”的授权合法性为焦点

以全国人大常委会授权国务院决定在上海自贸区"暂停法律实施"的方式存在合法性质疑。从授权主体看,全国人大常委会既没有该项授权的法律依据;同时,自身已有的立法权限,也不具备"暂停法律实施"的解释空间。从被授权主体看,国务院能否在法律已经制定的前提下,创设属于"法律保留事项"的权限,存在疑问;从上海自贸区批准成立主体的角度看,也缺乏创设针对特定区域就现行法律"豁免适用"的正当性依据。在国务院与上海自贸区之间的次级授权关系看",暂停法律实施"的预设触及禁止性规范,存在行政僭越法律的风险;现行"负面清单"制度的实施,也显见在决定主体、排除事项和程度上的不确定性。从变法模式角度思考,未来自贸区的合法性基础需要进一步的改进。

变法模式与中国立法法

本文以全球现代化的实践与理论为背景 ,考察了“自发模式”与“变法模式”的不同历史轨迹与不同特征。在此基础上 ,作者梳理了近年来我国立法理论与实务的基本思路 ,指出审议中的《立法法》 (草案 )存在三方面的问题 :未能涉及立法与市场的关系 (即立法或不立法 )这一根本性问题 ;忽视立法实现资源的有效配置这一实体价值 ;在立法程序的民主性与科学性方面仍有欠缺。作者据此提出 ,我国《立法法》的出台宁肯慢些 。

刑事司法改革的试点模式及其未来——以被害人救助制度为例

司法实践表明,我国刑事司法改革可以分为变法模式和试点模式两种路径。由于制度漏洞被不断暴露,以及顶层设计存在着天然缺陷,地方司法机关通过试点的方式探索、验证、推广新制度的现象不断涌现。以被害人救助制度为例,这种试点模式主要有三个特征:司法机关是试点的主导者,解决问题是试点的根本动力,地方财政是试点的物质基础。在可预见的未来,试点模式和变法模式的不断互动与互补,将成为我国刑事司法改革的主要模式。

“变法”模式与政治稳定性——中国经验及其法律经济学含义

本文回顾了中国法律改革的历史过程,并揭示了其背后蕴藏的经济逻辑。在和俄罗斯的“大爆炸式”改革相比较的基础上,本文指出中国法律改革的特点在于,它是在政治秩序稳定的前提下进行的。这种“变法”模式由于充分注意到政治的交易成本,采取了一系列极富特色的改革策略,使中国的经济转型表现为一个平滑的、连续的政治经济过程。中国法律改革的经验已对主流法律经济学的观点构成强有力的挑战。它的法律经济学含义是:政治过程在短期内是影响法律改革绩效的关键变量,治国者要想使转轨成为一个平滑、连续的过程,就必须注意在改革的每一步尽量减少政治交易成本,力求获得更多的政治支持。从这种意义上说,法律改革更多的是一种“政治平衡的艺术”,而这在主流的法律经济学框架内并没有得到有效说明,法律经济学未来的发展应该为这种“变法”的“政治艺术”提供理论基础。为此,本文分别在政治市场和意识形态市场上讨论和反思了传统意义上的科斯定理的局限性。

信用与法律

市场失信的实质是法律的失范,信用的基础是法制,信用制度的建立与法律制度的建立是一个相互促进的演进过程,同时与法制演进的方式联系在一起。要确立适应市场经济的信用体系必须改变已有变法模式,变控制—命令变法模式为合作式规制模式。

《行政许可法》:两难中诞生的次优选择——专访中国社科院法学所教授、国家行政审批制度改革专家咨询组成员周汉华

·我们之所以出现一部其他国家都没有的《行政许可法》,是希望通过它来界定清晰政府和市场的关系,来保证市场能够在资源配置当中起到更基础的作用·我们没有时间去等待一个漫长的过程再形成一个制度。事实上,许可法面临的某种程度上的两难境地,也代表了中国现代化的一种困境。后发国家的现代化共同面临一种这样的两难困境——不得不做,但它又会有很大的社会成本,会面临很多的问题·从清末戊戌变法开始,中国一百年的变法,成功的少,失败的多。在100多年后的今天,不光对《行政许可法》的实施,对我们变法的模式,对我们整个法治现代化的模式,都要保持一种清醒的头脑·要从根本上解决中央政府与地方政府的关系,有一个前提条件——必须要解决公众参与和民主的问题。因为没有一个民主的制约机制,行政权力就会在“一收就死,一放就乱”

Inhibition of Differentiation by Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） on differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma （RMS） cells METHODS RD （human embryonal RMS cell line） cells, cultured in differentiation medium containing 9-cis retinoic acid （9CRA）, were treated with TGF-β1. Proliferation of the cells was examined by the MTT assay. The differentiation specific proteins （sarcomeric actin and MyHC） and myogenic transcription factors （MyoD1 and myogenin） in the RD cells were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Compared to control cells, treatment with lower concentrations of TGF-β1 （0.1 and 0.2 ng/ml） induced an increase in OD values after 4 d （P〈0.01）, whereas higher concentrations of TGF-β1 （2 and 5 ng/ml） led to a reduction of cell viability （P〈0.01）. After exposure to 9CRA, the viability of the cells decreased significantly （P〈0.01）, while sarcomeric actin, MyHC and myogenin were induced. These changes were antagonized by TGF-β1 （0.1 ng/ml）. No changes were observed in expression of MyoD1. CONCLUSION The RMS cells, derived from myogenic progenitors are committed to a myogenic fate, but are arrested in the differentiation course by the addition of TGF-β1 which represses some of the myogenic transcription factors.

Calculation of earth pressure based on disturbed state concept theory

The theoretical formulations of Coulomb and Rankine still remain as the fundamental approaches to the analysis of most gravity-type retaining wall,with the assumption that sufficient lateral yield will occur to mobilize fully limited conditions behind the wall.The effects of the magnitude of wall movements and different wall-movement modes are not taken into consideration.The disturbance of backfill is considered to be related to the wall movement under translation mode.On the basis of disturbed state concept(DSC),a general disturbance function was proposed which ranged from-1 to 1.The disturbance variables could be determined from the measured wall movements.A novel approach that related to disturbed degree and the mobilized internal frictional angle of the backfill was also derived.A calculation method benefited from Rankine's theory and the proposed approach was established to predict the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure from the cohesionless backfill under translation mode.The predicted results,including the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure,show good agreement with those of the model test and the finite element method.In addition,the disturbance parameter b was also discussed.

A Real-time Modeling of Photovoltaic Array

This paper mainly aims at the modeling problem of the photovoltaic (PV) array with a 30 kW PV grid-connected generation system. An iterative method for the time-varying parameters is proposed to model a plant of PV array. The relationship of PV cell and PV array is obtained and the solution for PV array model is unique. The PV grid-connected generation system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing the calculated values with the actual output of the system.

Jacquard image segmentation using Mumford-Shah model

Jacquard image segmentation is one of the primary steps in image analysis for jacquard pattern identification. The main aim is to recognize homogeneous regions within a jacquard image as distinct, which belongs to different patterns. Active contour models have become popular for finding the contours of a pattern with a complex shape. However, the performance of active contour models is often inadequate under noisy environment. In this paper, a robust algorithm based on the Mumford-Shah model is proposed for the segmentation of noisy jacquard images. First, the Mumford-Shah model is discretized on piecewise linear finite element spaces to yield greater stability. Then, an iterative relaxation algorithm for numerically solving the discrete version of the model is presented. In this algorithm, an adaptive triangular mesh is refined to generate Delaunay type triangular mesh defined on structured triangulations, and then a quasi-Newton numerical method is applied to find the absolute minimum of the discrete model. Experimental results on noisy jacquard images demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.

Traffic assignment problem under tradable credit scheme in a bi-modal stochastic transportation network: A cumulative prospect theory approach

The traffic equilibrium assignment problem under tradable credit scheme(TCS) in a bi-modal stochastic transportation network is investigated in this paper. To describe traveler’s risk-taking behaviors under uncertainty, the cumulative prospect theory(CPT) is adopted. Travelers are assumed to choose the paths with the minimum perceived generalized path costs, consisting of time prospect value(PV) and monetary cost. At equilibrium with a given TCS, the endogenous reference points and credit price remain constant, and are consistent with the equilibrium flow pattern and the corresponding travel time distributions of road sub-network. To describe such an equilibrium state, the CPT-based stochastic user equilibrium(SUE) conditions can be formulated under TCS. An equivalent variational inequality(VI) model embedding a parameterized fixed point(FP) model is then established, with its properties analyzed theoretically. A heuristic solution algorithm is developed to solve the model, which contains two-layer iterations. The outer iteration is a bisection-based contraction method to find the equilibrium credit price, and the inner iteration is essentially the method of successive averages(MSA) to determine the corresponding CPT-based SUE network flow pattern. Numerical experiments are provided to validate the model and algorithm.

From Allan Variance to Phase Noise:A New Conversion Approach

A new mathematical method is proposed to convert the oscillator instability parameters from Allan variance to Spectrum Density(SD)of random phase fluctuations,which is the inversion of the classic transformation formula from SD to Allan variance.Due to the fact that Allan variance does not always determine a unique SD function,power-law model of the SD of oscillator phase fluctuations is introduced to the translating algorithm and a constrained maximum likelihood solution is presented.Considering that the inversion is an ill-posed problem,a regularization method is brought forward in the process.Simulation results show that the converted SD of phase fluctuations from Allan variance parameters agrees well with the real SD function.Furthermore,the effects of the selected regularization factors and the input Allan variances are analyzed in detail.

中国法治道路问题讨论(下)

七、法治过程中的时间因素:渐进性与三种时间概念 一些人把中国法治化过程看成是一个渐进性过程。如何理解中国法治发展的时间压力与过程的渐进性?时间上的紧迫性与渐进性是一种什么关系? 首先,对于渐进性概念可以从时间上来理解,这可能是最容易选择和把握的角度。同时,也可以从事情的步骤、阶段性等方面来理解。后一种理解也暗含时间因素,但并不是主要的。我是从后一种角度来理解的。

The Analytic Function in the Right Half Plane Defined by Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms

In this paper,the growth of analytic function defined by L-S transforms convergent in the right half plane is studied and some properties on the L-S transform F(s)and its relative transforms f(s)are obtained.