注射用奥美拉唑钠变色因素分析及临床使用注意事项

目的分析注射用奥美拉唑钠变色因素,提出临床使用中的注意事项。方法对奥美拉唑钠的化学结构和临床使用中不规范因素进行分析。结果注射用奥美拉唑钠临床使用中出现变色现象,其一奥美拉唑钠的化学结构因素影响,其二临床使用中不规范因素影响。结论临床使用中医护人员应高度重视,认真阅读说明书并严格按说明书使用,出现异常及时报告;建议药品生产企业注意加强药品上市后不良反应监测并积极开展质量和工艺方面的研究,修改完善药品说明书相关内容。

浅析双组分聚氨酯漆膜变色的因素

简述了含羟基树脂、异氰酸酯预聚物、颜填料、光稳定剂及底材等对双组分聚氨酯漆膜变色的影响.

几种常见果蔬罐头变色原因及其防止方法

食品颜色是食品感官品质(色、香、味、形)的首要要素。人们常以食品颜色的好坏来直接判断食品质量的优劣,衡量食品营养价值的高低。果蔬原料富含各种色素,赋予果蔬本身及制品鲜艳诱人色泽。然而,在加工和贮藏过程中,果蔬制品很容易发生一些不良色变,严重影响其外观品质和商品价值。为此,在加工和贮存过程中,需了解果蔬罐头变色原因,

绵白糖变色原因和改进措施

1 问题的提出绵白糖经过6个月仓贮试验表明:布袋装绵白糖色值上升60—70％;塑料袋装绵白糖色值上升10—20％。故“绵白糖”国家标准(GB1446—78)规定绵白糖保质期为5个月,保质期内绵白糖色值不得超过指标上限20％。

Three new alternative splicing variants of human cytochrome P450 2D6 mRNA in human extratumoral liver tissue

AIM: To identify the new alternative splicing variants of human CYP2D6 in human extratumoral liver tissue with RT-PCR and sequencing. METHODS: Full length of human CYP2D6 cDNAs was amplificated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a human extratumoral liver tissue and cloned into pGEM-T vector. The cDNA was sequenced. Exons from 1 to 4 of human CYP2D6 cDNAs were also amplificated by RT-PCR from extratumoral liver tissues of 17 human hepatocellular carcinomas. Some RT-PCR products were sequenced. Exons 1 to 4 of CYP2D6 gene were amplified by PCR from extratumoral liver tissue DNA. Two PCR products from extratumoral liver tissues expressing skipped mRNA were partially sequenced. RESULTS: One of the CYP2D6 cDNAs had 470 nucleotides from 79 to 548 (3' portion of exons 1 to 5' portion of exon 4), and was skipped. Exons 1 to 4 of CYP2D6 cDNA were assayed with RT-PCR in 17 extratumoral liver tissues. Both wild type and skipped mRNAs were expressed in 4 samples, only wild type mRNA was expressed in 5 samples, and only skipped mRNA was expressed in 8 samples. Two more variants were identified by sequencing the RT-PCR products of exons 1 to 4 of CYP2D6 cDNA. The second variant skipped 411 nucleotides from 175 to 585. This variant was identified in 4 different liver tissues by sequencing the RT-PCR products. We sequenced partially 2 of the PCR products amplified of CYP2D6 exon 1 to exon 4 from extratumoral liver tissue genomic DNA that only expressed skipped mRNA by RT-PCR. No point mutations around exon 1, intron 1, and exon 4, and no deletion in CYP2D6 gene were detected. The third variant was the skipped exon 3, and 153 bp was lost. CONCLUSION: Three new alternative splicing variants of CYP2D6 mRNA have been identified. They may not be caused by gene mutation and may lose CYP2D6 activity and act as a down-regulator of CYP2D6.

A COMPLETE SCREEN FOR MUTATIONS OF THE RHODOPSIN GENE IN A PANEL OF CHINESE PATIENTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations and the genotype-phenotype relationships in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing. Methods We have screened the five coding exons and splice sites of RHO gene in 27 probands who had no relativity from Chinese ADRP families and 100 normal controls to identify disease-associated mutations, using CSGE and direct DNA sequencing. Family members of some probands with disease-associated mutations were also genotyped to determine whether the RHO mutations segregated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in their families. Results Two RHO mutations, Pro347Leu and Pro327 (1-bp del), were identified separately in two families, thus the frequency of RHO mutations among this set of Chinese ADRP families is about 7.4% (2/27). Pro347Leu mutation was found in one ADRP proband as well as three her children who also had RP. She had relatively early onset at about 17 years. The only one child without this mutation had no symptom or sign of RP at age of 34. Pro327 (1-bp del) was identified in a late-onset ADRP patient, who appeared night blindness around 30 years old and in her fifties electroretinogram (ERG) has been flat in both scotopic and photopic phases. Family analysis showed that this mutation also existed in her younger dau-ghter and her elder sister, both of them also had RP. Three other family members were genotypically and phenotypically normal. Neither of the two mutations was detected in 100 normal controls.Conclusions The frequency of RHO mutations in Chinese patients was lower than that in Europe and North America. The phenotype of the patients with Pro347Leu corresponded to type 1 ADRP, with severe rod degeneration and some cone preservation later, while the phenotype of the patients carrying Pro327 (1-bp del) corresponded to type 2 ADRP, with a concomitant loss of rod and cone visual function. CSGE was found to be a sensitive, simple, and practical method for the screening of a large number of samples under highly reproducible conditions, and could be utilized in routine molecular diagnostic laboratories.

A dynamic analysis of water footprint of Jinghe River basin

Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people, Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water use is one necessary component in water footprint. Water footprint is divided into green water footprint and blue water footprint but the former one is often ignored.In this paper waterJootprint includes blue water needed by agricultural irrigation, industrial and domestic water demand, and green water needed by crops, economic forests, livestock prochtcts, forestlalands and grasslands. The study calculates the footprint of the Jinghe River basin in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 with quarto methods. Results of research show that water footprints reached 164.1 ×10^8m3, 175. 69 ×10^8m3 and 178. 45 ×10^8m3 respectively in 1990, 1995 and 2000 including that of ecological water use, but reached 77.68×10^8m3, 94.24×10^8m3, 92.92×10^8m3 and 111.36 ×10^8m3 respectively excluding that of ecological water use. Green water.footprint is much more than blue water footprint; thereby, green water plays an important role in economic development and ecological construction The dynamic change of water footprints shows that blue water use increases rapidly and that the ecological water use is occupied by economie and domestic water use. The change also shows that water use is transferred from primary industry to secondary industry In primary industry, it is transferred from crops farming to forestry, and animal agriculture. The factors impelling the change include development anticipation on econonomy; government policies, readjustment of the industrial structure, population growth, the raise of urbanization level, and structurul change of consumption, low level of waler-saving and poor ability of waste water treatment.With blue water use per unit, green water use per unit, blue water use structure and green water use structure, we analyzed the difference of the six ecologieal function districts of the Jinghe River basin. Future ecological construction may influence on blue water use of District V and District Ⅵ at middle and lower reaches. At last some suggestions are given for effective water resouree use.

Mass genetics study of rhodopsin point mutations in retinitis pigmentosa

Objective: To evaluate the incidence and pattern of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: Conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing were applied to detect point mutations that occurred in the five coding exons and splice sites of RHO gene in 98 index patients with RP. Results: Four patients of one ADRP family were found to have a missense mutation at codon 347, Pro347Leu. One late-onset RP patient and her daughter, without clinical expression at present, were discovered to have a novel frameshift mutation at codon 327, Pro327 (1-bp del) . Neither of the two mutations was found in 100 normal controls. Ala299Ser was found in one RP patient. Two control subjects also had Ala299Ser, suggesting its nonpathogenicity and just single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Conclusion: Two RP patients had rhodopsin mutations, thus the expected frequency of RHO mutations in RP is about 2.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%-4.4%). A highly conserved C-terminal sequence QVS(A) PA was altered due to Pro347Leu and thereby misdirecting rhodopsin to incorrect subcellular location. Loss of all phosphory-lation sites at the C-terminus and a highly conserved sequence QVS(A)PA may occur because of Pro327(1-bp del) . To elucidate the predominant biochemical defects in such mutant, transgenic mice and transfected culture cells carrying Pro327(1-bp del) would be of great value.

Genetic Variability of the Mitochondrial DNA in Honeybees （Apis mellifera L.） from Benin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability in bees Apis mellifera from Benin by using mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） as a molecular marker in their cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II （COI-COI1） intergenic region. A total of 304 bee colonies were sampled in 27 municipalities of the cashew growing area of Benin. These samples were analyzed by the cleaved amplified polymorphisms technique for determining the haplotypes of subspecies present in the sampled population. Eight PCR-RFLP profiles of African lineage A were then identified in the 304 samples of bees investigated. Forty-nine percent （49%） of the samples showed the profile of haplotype A1 （subspecies adansonii of Zambia）, 40% of haplotype A4 （subspecies scutellata of South Africa） and 3% of haplotype A 19 （subspecies adansonii of Guinea）. Five other haplotypes of the African branch （A） that had been described in a previous study were also identified： new 1 （2%）, new 2 （2%）, new 3 （1%）, new 4 （2%） and new 5 （1%）. This study showed that A. rnellifera from Benin belonged only to lineage A with the predominance of haplotypes AI and A4. This study will contribute to the development of coherent policies for conservation of local bees in Benin.

Two novel mutations of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene in two Chinese families with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa

Objective To detect mutations of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene in two Chinese X-linked retinitis pigmentosa families. Methods Fragments of exons 1-19 of the RPGR gene were amplified with intronic primers, using genomic DNA as template. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. Mutations were identified by comparing DNA sequences of the patients with those of the normal controls.Results Two novel mutations, c1536delC and E332X, were identified in exons 12 and 9 of the RPGR gene in both families. Each mutation was the first mutation found in their respective exons. Both mutations were predicted to cause premature termination, which resulted in truncated proteins without normal functions of the RPGR products.Conclusions Both mutations are the genetic basis of the pathogenesis in the respective families. Our data might be helpful in analysing the function of the RPGR protein.

Generation of nonhuman primate retinitis pigmentosa model by in situ knockout of RHO in rhesus macaque retina

Retinitis pigmentosa(RP)is a form of inherited retinal degenerative diseases that ultimately involves the macula,which is present in primates but not in the rodents.Therefore,creating nonhuman primate(NHP)models of RP is of critical importance to study its mechanism of pathogenesis and to evaluate potential therapeutic options in the future.Here we applied adeno-associated virus(AAV)-delivered CRISPR/SaCas9 technology to knockout the RHO gene in the retinae of the adult rhesus macaque(Macaca mulatta)to investigate the hypothesis whether non-germline mutation of the RHO gene is sufficient to recapitulate RP.Through a series of studies,we were able to demonstrate successful somatic editing of the RHO gene and reduced RHO protein expression.More importantly,the mutant macaque retinae displayed clinical RP phenotypes,including photoreceptor degeneration,retinal thinning,abnormal rod subcellular structures,and reduced photoresponse.Therefore,we suggest somatic editing of the RHO gene is able to phenocopy RP,and the reduced time span in generating NHP mutant accelerates RP research and expands the utility of NHP model for human disease study.