人体系统变质量体动力学普遍定理研究

在人体系统变质量力学模型和人体系统变质量块体动力学研究基础上,开展了人体系统变质量体动力学普遍定理研究。主要内容有人体系统变质量体的动量定理;人体系统变质量体相对定系原点的动量矩定理和人体系统变质量体相对定系的动能定理,为人体系统变质量的运动学、动力学模型和数字人体研究与应用提供理论基础。

对现有的具有变质量的限制性三体问题运动方程予以修正的证明

本文内容是对前一文［1]提出正确的变质量体的运动方程及修正谬误的运动方程的一个严格证明。其证明过程中，采用了两种不同的形式和方法。这样，就可使前文更具有完整性。

经典变质量问题的概念及其运动方程的求解

本文通过对经典变质量问题的本质及质点组动量定理应用于经典变质量问题的条件和研究对象的诗沦,说明了经典变质量问题的运动方程所描述的对象,并对方程中各项及整体的物理意义做出了详述。

Sensitivity analysis of influencing parameters in cavern stability

In order to analyze the stability of the underground rock structures,knowing the sensitivity of geomechanical parameters is important.To investigate the priority of these geomechanical properties in the stability of cavern,a sensitivity analysis has been performed on a single cavern in various rock mass qualities according to RMR using Phase 2.The stability of cavern has been studied by investigating the side wall deformation.Results showed that most sensitive properties are coefficient of lateral stress and modulus of deformation.Also parameters of Hoek-Brown criterion and r c have no sensitivity when cavern is in a perfect elastic state.But in an elasto-plastic state,parameters of Hoek-Brown criterion and r c affect the deformability;such effect becomes more remarkable with increasing plastic area.Other parameters have different sensitivities concerning rock mass quality(RMR).Results have been used to propose the best set of parameters for study on prediction of sidewall displacement.

Coalification and coal alteration under mild thermal conditions

Coalification temperatures are often considered to be approximately 100-170 ℃ for bituminous coal and 170-275 ℃ for anthracite. However, our micropetrographic observations, solid state ^27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, interpretation of δ^13C values for whewellite in pelosiderite concretions from Carboniferous sediments, and assessment of whewellite thermal stability show that coalification temperatures can be significantly lower. Also the temperatures of coal alteration may be substantially lower than is stated. Ordinarily, high- temperature alteration is reported, but microthermometric measurements of fluids temperatures and micropetrographic observations show that the coal alteration can take place at low temperatures. For this reason, coals from the Kladno- Rakovnik Basin, part of Late Paleozoic continental basins of the Czech Republic, were analyzed. Regarding coalification, micropetrographic characterizations of unaltered coals, the presence of thermally unstable Al complexes in the coal organic mass documented using ^27Al MAS NMR method, and proven occurrence of whewellite in pelosiderite concretions suggest a lower coalification temperature, max. -70 ℃. Regarding coal alteration, micropetrographic observations revealed （a） the weaker intensity of fluorescence of liptinite, （b） mylonitic structures and microbreccia with carbonate fluid penetration, and （c） high oxygen content in coals （37-38 wt.%）. These phenomena are typical for thermal and oxidative alteration of coal. As the temperature of carbonate fluids inferred from fluid inclusion analysis was evaluated as -100-113 ℃, the temperature of coal alteration was suggested as -113℃; the alteration was caused by hot hydrothermal fluids.

Estimation of the Volume of Coarse Woody Debris in Eucalyptus Forest using LiDAR Derived Forest Structure Variables

CWD （coarse woody debris） plays an important role in nutrient cycling, habitat for species and more recently carbon accounting in forest ecosystems. LiDAR （light detection and ranging） technology has demonstrated utility in capturing forest structure information. This paper proposes an indirect method of assessing downed CWD using LiDAR derived forest structure variables. Fieldwork was conducted to measure CWD volume in an Eucalyptus forest in Tasmania. A GLM （generalized linear model） to statistically estimate CWD volume in the Eucalyptus forest was developed using a LiDAR derived FCS （forest characterisation scheme）： the openings above the ground, low and medium vegetation, canopy cover, presence of understorey and mid-storey vegetation and high trees, and the vertical canopy density of high trees. Five structural variables were selected for the best model based on AIC （Akaike＇s Information Criterion） by stepwise selection. The applicability of the model was then compared to the outcome of model using field derived variables such as diameter at breast height of trees. The results show that the model using LiDAR derived variables better estimated the amount of CWD. It is concluded that LiDAR derived forest structural variables has the potential to predict the amount of downed CWD in Eucalyptus forest.

A comparative assessment of rock mass deformation modulus

Deformation modulus of a rock mass(E_m) is one of the most important design parameters in construction of rock engineering projects such as underground excavations.However,difficulties are frequently encountered during in-situ tests which are also time-consuming and expensive for determining this parameter.Although E_m is often estimated indirectly from proposed equations by different researchers,many of these equations cannot be used in case of problematic rock conditions(thinly bedded,highly jointed rock masses,etc.) as high quality core samples are required.This study aims to explore more practical and useful equation for E_m estimation using Rock Quality Designation(RQD) and point load index values.Comparisons were made between available empirical equations and the proposed E_m equation in terms of the estimation capacity.Multiple comparison tests(ANOVA) showed that E_m can be reliably estimated using proposed equation especially at the preliminary stages of projects.

Practical Paths towards Lowering Black Carbon Emissions

Black carbon （BC） aerosol, accounting for a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols, is attracting increased attentio1 due to its impact on air quality, human health, and climate change. Focusing on BC emission reduction, this paper give1 a brief introduction to the sources and global distribution of BC. Along with the decrease of BC emissions from sue1 actions as the reduction of global greenhouse gases （GHGs） and regulating local air quality, it also highlights othet BC reduction approaches such as control and improvement of combustion conditions, the elimination of open biomas burning, and the sequestration of BC by biomass pyrolysis. Finally, it is stressed that at this moment there is no enougt reason to push BC reduction into any climate change related negotiations, although BC has been included in some o so-called win-win reduction targets for the quick response to both climate and non-climate appeals.

Thermal and Textural Changes of Turkish Delight with Storage Relative Humidity

Lokum （Turkish delight） is a high sugar and starch containing food. Since the major deterioration factor affecting the storability of lokum is moisture gain or loss, the effect of the possible ambient conditions （32%, 53%, 75% RH and 15, 25, 35 ℃） on weight change and firmness of tokum was determined to estimate its structural changes. The variations in thermal properties of lokurn samples stored at different RH （32, 53, 65, 75, and 85% RH） were also determined. Increasing RH decreased glass transition of lokum samples, and two glass transitions （Tg） were observed at 75 and 85% RH. The presence of the second Tg could be related with phase separation which was increased with increasing moisture content and RH. Lokum should be kept at around 50% RH and 15℃, higher storage RH＇s and temperatures will cause the product to become unacceptable by the consumer within 20 days.

Assessing seawater quality with a variable fuzzy recognition model

With the rapid development of the marine economy industry, human exploitation of marine resources is increasing, which is contributing to the growing trend of eutrophication and frequent occurrence of red tide. Accordingly, investigations of seawater quality have attracted a great deal of attention. This study was conducted to construct a seawater environmental quality assessment model based on the variable fuzzy recognition model. The uncertainty and ambiguity of the seawater quality assessment were then considered, combining the monitoring values of evaluation indicators with the standard values of seawater quality. Laizhou Bay was subsequently selected for a case study. In this study, the correct variable model for different parameters was obtained according to the linear and nonlinear features of evaluation objects. Application of the variable fuzzy recognition model for Laizhou Bay, water quality evaluation and comparison with performance obtained using other approaches revealed that the generated model is more reliable than traditional methods, can more reasonably determine the water quality of various samples, and is more suitable for evaluation of a multi-index, multi-level, nonlinear marine environment system; accordingly, the generated model will be an effective tool for seawater quality evaluation.

The change in thickness of the solidified liquid layer rather than the immobilized mass determines the frequency response of a quartz crystal microbalance

The "solidified liquid layer" model has been examined using a quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) with a polymeric matrix.The model is shown to give a reasonable explanation for the following experimental observations:(i) The opposite response of the QCM and surface plasmon resonance(SPR) for the activation process;(ii) the marked difference in the responses for IgG/anti-IgG interaction between QCM and SPR.Theoretical analysis and experimental results indicated that QCM is sensitive to the thickness change of the "solidified liquid layer" but not the mass of captured biomolecules(i.e.,the immobilized mass),implying caution must be taken in interpreting QCM results.

Laser-driven plasma collider for nuclear studies

A novel method of initiating nuclear fusion reactions in a full plasma environment was suggested, and a proof-of-concept experiment was carried out with the D ＋D → n＋3He reaction. In this new approach, two plasma jets generated by high-intensity lasers collide headon-head. The center-of-mass energy of the nuclei increases accordingly, and therefore, reaction products can be significantly enhanced, especially in the sub-Coulomb barrier ranges. As a result of the fusion reaction, up to - 7.6 ×105 neutrons had been observed. This new type of ＂plasma collider＂ could provide an innovative tool to study nuclear reactions under astrophysical conditions.