从《淡水准造社船往来厦蚶各口贸易》看清政府对台管控措施

嘉庆年间闽台两地经济上的互补性、人员流动、沿海宗族械斗事件、洋匪频繁袭扰等社会状况使当时台湾民众产生了迫切希望开通淡水与厦门、蚶江对渡的愿望。清政府为了巩固对台的管控与调和社会矛盾也在不断地调适政策。在《淡水准造社船往来厦蚶各口贸易》这则禀文中,就包含了当时清政府对台湾航海贸易、置办船只出海、社会治安及大陆移民台湾等事项的管理措施,为了解当时台湾社会状况提供了依据。

日本稀有金属进口贸易困境及对策

进入21世纪,随着国际经济格局和稀有金属市场的变化,日本的稀有金属进口贸易形势发生了新的变化。这些新变化使日本的稀有金属进口贸易陷入困境,并且不可避免地对日本的高科技产业、国防产业及国际关系产生重大影响,进而影响其未来国际竞争力。为此,日本将采取政府主导稀有金属贸易、在周边寻找稀有金属供应国、通过多元化手段获取稀有金属、加强对海洋稀有金属资源的勘探、开发利用稀有金属的替代产品等各种应对之策,以保障其稀有金属的稳定供给。

朝廷与地方的政策与利益——鸦片战争前对外贸易中的清代朝廷与地方关系

鸦片战争之前近200年中,除了清初40年为剿郑而实施的严格海禁之外,官方对外贸易或多或少总在进行,走私贸易则无时无刻地以各种形式存在并发展起来。清廷并没有实施严格的闭关政策,也没有积极开关与世界市场对接,而是仍然坚持内陆文明中心的观念和天下天朝独尊的思想,以所谓柔远怀远应付由西方商人和殖民者推来的近代世界市场,采取有限控制和全面管制的政策,这就导致了为趋利而动的东南商民和沿海省份地方政府官吏的对策行为。

民族贸易与西北地区城镇的发展

历史上西北地区民族贸易的兴盛对相关区域城镇的兴起和发展有着密切的关系。由各民族参与的丝路贸易就直接推动了河西地区城镇的发展,此后河西城镇的繁荣与否,很大程度上也取决于丝路贸易的盛衰。作为民族贸易重要形式的边地边口贸易也在相关城镇的兴起和发展过程中起到了重要的促动作用。而近代以来西北游牧区依托寺院而兴起的城镇,则直接得益于民族民间商贸的扩展。

外贸企业出口退税相关问题的探讨

本文通过对外贸企业自营出口退税实务中可能碰到的相关问题的探讨,结合换汇成本及转口贸易的理论和实际,明确在实务操作中如何更合理地处理零退税率、换汇成本和转口贸易涉及的退税问题。

论清代前期的闽台对渡贸易政策(续)

清朝统一台湾后，即开始弛海禁，允许福建厦门与台湾鹿耳门进行单口对渡贸易，后在闽 台人民私航活动的推动下，逐步改为指定多口对渡贸易。清代闽台对渡贸易政策的实施和 不断调整，有力地将海峡两岸社会经济推入了新的发展时期。

Status quo and Countermeasures of Tea Export Trade of China

The research analyzed status quo of Chinese tea export, including export scale, exporting countries and regions, product structure, explored factors affecting tea export, and detailed international trade development of Chinese teas. On basis of global politics and economic situations, the research proposed new thoughts and of global trades of Chinese teas with application of the Belt and Road Initiative strategy.

河北省企业对外直接投资的问题与对策

对外直接投资是我国利用外资的一种重要形式,是我国企业深层次参与国际竞争的重要途径,也是企业提升国际竞争力的重要手段。近年来,河北省在省委省政府的领导下,对外投资企业呈现大幅度增长的趋势。但也存在诸多问题,如:对外投资项目少,加工贸易发展不完善,投资方式单一,农业对外投资规模小,开展对外投资的政策不健全等。进一步探讨河北省企业在新形势下开展对外投资的对策,从而提升河北省企业的国际竞争力。

Zhe jiang Alephan Group Co.,LTD

Established in 1992,Zhejiang Alephan Group Co.,LTD is located in the world famous tourism city-Hangzhou,China,is a large-scale group company,consists of garments and textile manufacture and import & export,restaurant,entertainment,tourism enterprises,arts crafts, agricultural products processing,biologic and ecological R&D etc.

Analysis on China’s Petroleum Imports and Exports in 1st Half of 2005

In the first half of 2005. the import of erude oil increased 4% up of the same period, but the net import of petroleum products including crude oil, oil products, liquefied petroleum gas （LPG） and others declined 7% of the same period last year. As the oil price in international market continuously climbs up and creates new records,

Current Status and Development Strategies of TCMM Exportation in China

Low market share, small scale, inappropriate product structure, relativelyhigh market concentration, and heavy dependence on Asian markets such as Japan and Korea are some ofthe characteristics of the current exportation status of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(TCMM). The profound reasons for these problems lie in the cultural, technological and informativebarriers between TCMM and the international market as well as the underdevelopment of TCMMmodernization. Therefore, measures should be taken to enhance the cultural exchange and strategiccooperation in TCMM marketing with international organizations, implement a standardization of TCMM,establish information sharing and other supporting mechanisms, and accelerate TCMM modernizationand innovation.

Evaluation of Role of Home Market Effects in China′s Manufacturing Industries

Under the theoretical framework of the New Trade Theory and the New Economic Geography, Home Market Effects (HMEs) is considered to be important sources of comparative advantage and significant reasons for industry agglomeration. Through the analysis on the input-output tables in China, the paper confirms the existence of HMEs for the manufacturing industries and their export trades on the national and provincial level in China. Several conclusions have been drawn in this study. Firstly, there exist prominent HMEs for manufacturing industries related with nondurable goods and materials in China. Secondly, 10 of the 15 kinds of manufacturing industries considered in this study display the existence of HMEs. Thirdly, the comparative advantage of factor endowment for the export trade of manufacturing industries is declining, while HMEs for them are increasing. Fourthly, among the 30 provincial regions studied in this paper, 11 regions show the existence of HMEs, most of which are located in the eastern coast region. This paper illustrates the simultaneous existence of the comparative advantage of factor endowment and scale economies of HMEs for China's manufacturing industries. HMEs will not only be the new dynamic for the increase of manufacturing industries and their export trade, but also be the primary power for urban economic growth, industry improvement, and urban space expansion for China.

China’s Import of Wastes and Its Implications

The trade of wastes in the world has been increasing and China has become the largest importer of wastes. This paper examines the import trend of different wastes and finds out that the total import volume to China approved by the Chinese government keeps increasing and the illegal trade can not be banned despite repeated prohibitions; therefore, China is not only "a world factory", but actually "a global garbage dump". In order to well understand the implications of wastes import, this paper further analyzes the resource and environmental ef- fects and risks of different wastes imports as well as the strong driving force of wastes imports. Based on these detailed analysis and solid data, policy recommendations are put forward to reduce the demand for raw materials, to further strengthen the inspection of and supervision over the international trade of the wastes that can be used as raw materials by using the life cycle analysis and risk analysis, to improve the environmental standards and strengthen the disposal capacity, to re-export the raw materials produced from the imported wastes, to develop the long-term planning for the import of wastes and to promote international cooperation.

Sources and Flows of Embodied CO_2 Emissions in Import and Export Trade of China

This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project(version 7)database to calculate embodied CO2emissions in bilateral trade between China and other countries(regions)based on input-output methods.The sources and flows of embodied CO2emissions in import and export trade of China are analyzed.Results show that the flows of embodied CO2emissions in export trade are highly concentrated.The main flows to the United States(US)and Japan account for 1/4 and 1/7 of the total CO2emissions in export trade,respectively.Concentrated flows of total exports and small differences in export structure are the main reasons for the highly concentrated export trade.The sources of embodied CO2emissions in import trade have relatively low concentration.Taiwan Province of China,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,US,Russia,Republic of Korea,and Japan account for around 7.72%–12.67%of the total embodied CO2emissions in import trade.The relative dispersion of import sources,the impact of the import structure,and the level of production technology in importing countries caused low concentration of CO2emissions in import trade.Overall,the embodied CO2emissions in the export trade of China are higher than those in import trade.As a result,production-based CO2emissions are higher than consumption-based CO2emissions.The difference of 8.96×108t of CO2,which comes mainly from the US,Japan,Germany,and the United Kingdom,accounts for 58.70%of the total difference.Some suggestions,such as improving energy efficiency,alerting high carbon-intensive industries transfer,expanding the market for sharing risks,and prompting the accounting system of consumption-based CO2emissions,are proposed based on the results.

China’s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up,China's export trade has maintained a rapid growth;meanwhile,China's energy consumption has been increasing sharply. "High export and high energy consumption" has become the feature of China's trade and economic development.In this paper,based on the input-output analysis approach,the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors.The results show that,China is a big net exporter of embodied energy.Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%,the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years,and based on the input-output data of 2005,by 2030 China's net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production,which is obviously infeasible.As a country of very low per capita energy,China must change its export pattern,encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity,and promote structural change of energy-efficient exported products,so as to achieve the sustainable development.Accordingly,the authors put forward some suggestions.

Problems in Cross-border E-commerce Export Trade in China ＆ Countermeasure Analysis

As an emerging industry in China, cross-border e-commerce has enjoyed the leap-forward development, along with increasingly prominent problems. This paper aims at finding out the problems and related roots that hinder its development, through conducting an analysis on the export development of cross-border e-commerce, in order to look for solutions and countermeasures in favor of its sound development and to promote the liberalization development of foreign trade in China.

Prospect Analysis of the United States' Crude Oil Exports to the Asia-Pacific Region

At the end of 2015, the United States lifted a 40-year ban on crude oil exports, which has far-reaching implications for the global crude oil market and crude oil trade patterns. Since the release of crude oil exports, with the recovery of crude oil production and improved export infrastructure in the United States, U.S. crude oil exports have been growing rapidly, with an average of about one million barrels/day in 2017, making the U.S one of the major global crude oil exporters. Currently, the AsiaPacific region has replaced North America as the first major destination for U.S. crude oil exports. In light of future trends in the oil refining industry of the Asia-Pacific region, it will usher in a new wave of refinery operations around 2020 and crude oil imports will continue to grow rapidly. The American region, represented by the United States, will replace West Africa as the second largest source of crude oil imports to the Asia-Pacific region, and that energy trade cooperation between the Asia-Pacific region and the United States will continue to grow. In particular, for China, the United States will become an important source of crude oil imports for our country in the future, and the two countries will shift from the past of energy competition to energy cooperation. Sino-US energy trade will play a more active role in economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

The impact of environmental regulations on international competitiveness of textile industry in China

A greater focus of environmental protection is directed toward environmental regulations in China. This paper focuses on environmental regulations and their impact on textile industry. The academic circle does not reach a consensus on the relationship between environmental regulations and international competitiveness. Some hold the view that environmental regulations lower international competitiveness while others think that environmental regulations improve both environment and economic performance. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the environmental regulations on the international competitiveness of textile industry in China. This study starts with theories relative to this subject; the second part, based on the impact mechanism of environmental regulations on competitiveness, analyzes the environmental impact on textile from the perspective of cost and market. The conceptual exploration comes to the conclusion that environmental regulations make a negative impact on the international competitiveness on the cost side and improve it by means ofinnovation and product differentiation on market side; the third part gives time series evidence to examine the impact. In this part the Pearson Correlation Analysis is conducted based on the data of China's textile industry of the period from 1991 to 2005. It turns out to prove that the negative environmental impact on cost side exceeds the positive environmental impact on market side, namely, environmental regulations deteriorate the international competitiveness in textile industry as a whole during the inspected period.

Empirical Research on Correlation of Foreign Trade and Economic Growth --Taking Shanghai as an Example

Based on the statistical data of Shanghai, the paper makes empirical research on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. The research results indicate that there is long-term dynamic and equilibrium relationship between foreign trade and economic growth, and the economic growth is the Granger cause of trade import. Since 1979, rapid growth of economy motivates the expansion of trade import, but the pulling effect of import on economic growth is not evident. In addition, trade import promotes economic growth in the long run. But we can see that from the economic data in Shanghai that the promotion has not become the source motivate force of growth for trade expert.