犹太教与伊斯兰教的洁食文化——解读饮食禁忌及其伦理思想

犹太教和伊斯兰教以"洁"与"不洁"为原则发展出一套饮食禁忌。其包括"物"、"人"和"法"三个层面。两教都禁食猪、血、自死动物和非经礼定屠宰法屠宰的动物,不吃凶猛、丑陋和肮脏的动物。屠宰须符合宗教要求,采用割喉法,不容许电击或勒死。两教饮食禁忌有共同的、古老的、民族的和宗教的起源。犹太教饮食禁忌体现的是其宗教所追求的"秩序"而非混乱的哲学,而伊斯兰教则追求身心健康和社会和谐。

Draft sensation distribution of air jet supply system in large space building in summer

To study the draft sensation distribution of an air jet supply system in a large space building in summer,experiments are conducted in a large laboratory.The temperature,velocity and draft sensation distributions at a nozzle height of 4 m in the occupied zone are obtained.Then,the numerical simulation under the test condition is carried out by the computational fluid dynamics（CFD）method.The calculation results of the indoor vertical temperature and the draft sensation distribution are validated by the test data.Simulations with different nozzle heights are conducted.The satisfactory air supply condition is determined by analyzing the draft sensations and the temperatures in the occupied zone under three conditions.The simulation results show that the optimal draft sensation distribution and the uniform temperature and velocity fields can be obtained at a nozzle height of 5 m.

Effect of conceptual fluency on English oral communication

Recent research has found that L2 learners of high grammatical proficiency will not necessarily show concomitant pragmatic skills. On the basis of Danesi＇s Conceptual Fluency theory and actual learners＇ oral abilities, this research conducted two types of tests： a discourse-completion test and a dialogue-interpretation test. The research has found that L2 learners are often influenced by L1 conceptual system, and speeches are not necessarily appropriate and native-like.

Double Moving Window MPCA for Online Adaptive Batch Monitoring

Online monitoring of chemical process performance is extremely important to ensure the safety of a chemical plant and consistently high quality of products. Multivariate statistical process control has found wide applications in process performance analysis, monitoring and fault diagnosis using existing rich historical database.In this paper, we propose a simple and straight forward multivariate statistical modeling based on a moving window MPCA (multiway principal component analysis) model along the time and batch axis for adaptive monitoring the progress of batch processes in real-time. It is an extension to minimum window MPCA and traditional MPCA.The moving window MPCA along the batch axis can copy seamlessly with variable run length and does not need to estimate any deviations of the ongoing batch from the average trajectories. It replaces an invariant fixed-model monitoring approach with adaptive updating model data structure within batch-to-batch, which overcomes the changing operation condition and slows time-varying behaviors of industrial processes. The software based on moving window MPCA has been successfully applied to the industrial polymerization reactor of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) process in the Jinxi Chemical Company of China since 1999.

Post-pyloric feeding

Postpyloric feeding is an important and promising alternative to parenteral nutrition. The indications for this kind of feeding are increasing and include a variety of clinical conditions, such as gastroparesis, acute pancreatitis, gastric outlet stenosis, hyperemesis (including gravida), recurrent aspiration, tracheoesophageal fistula and stenosis in gastroenterostomy. This review discusses the differences between pre- and postpyloric feeding, indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages, and provides an overview of the techniques of placement of various postpyloric devices.

Transformation from computation independent model to platform independent model with pattern

Model driven architecture(MDA) is an evolutionary step in software development.Model transformation forms a key part of MDA.The transformation from computation independent model(CIM) to platform independent model(PIM) is the first step of the transformation.This paper proposes an approach for this transformation with pattern.In this approach, we take advantage of"reuse"from various standpoints.Feature model is used to describe the requirement of the application.This can help us bring"reuse"into effect at requirement level.Moreover we use pattern to transform CIM to PIM.This can help us bring"reuse"into effect at development level.Meanwhile, pattern was divided into four hierarchies.Different hierarchies of pattern are used to help us utilize reuse at different phase of development.From another standpoint, feature model describes the problem of a domain while pattern describe the problem across domains.This can help us reuse the element in and across domains.Finally, the detailed process of the transformation is given.

Palatability of Water-Soluble Extracts of Protein Sources and Replacement of Fishmeal by a Selected Mixture of Protein Sources for Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)

Poor palatability is a limiting factor for replacing fishmeal with other protein sources in aquaculture. The water-soluble molecules with low molecular weights are the major determinants of the palatability of diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of water-soluble extracts from single protein source(single extract pellets) and the mixture of these extracts with different proportions(blended extract pellets) in juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus). Then according to the palatability of blended extract pellets, an optimal mixture proportion was selected, and a new protein source made from raw protein materials with the selected proportion was formulated to replace fishmeal. Summarily, the palatability of single extract pellets for turbot was descendent from fishmeal to pet-food grade poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Subsequently, according to the palatability of single extract pellets, 52 kinds of blended extract pellets were designed to test their palatability. The results showed that the pellets presented remarkably different palatability, and the optimal one was diet 52(wheat gluten meal: pet-food grade poultry by-product meal: meat and bone meal: corn gluten meal = 1:6:1:2). The highest ingestion ratio(the number of pellets ingested/the number of pellets fed) was 0.73 ± 0.03, which was observed in Diet 52. Then five isonitrogenous(52% crude protein) and isocaloric(20 k J g^(-1) gross energy) diets were formulated by replacing 0(control), 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% of fishmeal with No.52 blending proportion. After a 10-weeks feeding trial, a consistent feed intake was found among all replacement treatments. Replacement level of fishmeal up to 35% did not significantly influence final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of turbot. Therefore, the water-soluble extracts of protein sources play an important role in improving the palatability of non-fishmeal protein sources in aquafeed.

A CLINICAL TRIAL OF TANG SHEN NING FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

This paper reports the clinical trial of Tang Shen Ning ([symbol: see text], TSN) for treating diabetic nephropathy (incipient and clinical, as divided by Mogensen). The results showed that the total effective rate in treatment group (TSN + western medicine) was 90.0%, and that in the control group (simply with western medicine), 56.7%. TSN plays important roles in decreasing proteinuria and improving renal functions.

Modified Laser Speckle Imaging with Adaptive Window

One of the advantages of laser speckle is detecting microvascular through image processing. This paper proposes a new image processing method for laser speckle, adaptive window method that adaptively processes laser speckle images in the space. Disadvantage of conventional fixed window method is that it uses the same window size regardless of target areas. Inherently laser speckle contains undesired noise. Thus a large window is helpful for removing the noise, but it results in low resolution of image. Otherwise a small window may detect micro vascular but it has limits in noise removal. To overcome this trade-off, the concept of adaptive window method is newly introduced to conventional laser speckle image analysis. In addition, the modified adaptive window method applied to other selection images. We have compared conventional Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis （LASCA） and its variants with the proposed method in terms of image quality and processing complexity, Moreover compared the result of the accompamed changing sdection images have also been compared.

The Applicability in Selection of American sitcoms as Materials for Teaching English listening and speaking

English Sitcoms are widely welcomed by teachers and students, but it has been debatable whether they are suitable for teaching material in English teaching. Though in these sitcoms spoken English with full-filled humor is the main feature, there is still a long distance between real and Actors＇ lines. Through English spoken feature, we take American popular long sitcom ＂Friends＂ and ＂Big Bang＂ as the example, combined the analysis of real spoken language in the sitcom in order to dig out the suitability when we need to select appropriate teaching material.

Power Electronic Interface with Islanding Detection and Unbalanced Fault Ride-through Capability

Power electronic interface of dispersed generation plays a very important role in connecting a dispersed generation with utility grids. A power electronic interface not only adjusts the amount of active and reactive power injecting into a grid but also implements other importance duties as well. In this study, negative-sequence current injection has been fulfilled in three-phase power electronic interface for two important duties besides injecting reference power into utility grids. The first one is for islanding detection, and the other one is to enhance unbalance-fault ride-through capability of dispersed generation. This paper introduces a mechanism of negative-sequence injection based on controlling two separate coordinates of dq-control and explains the effect of negative-sequence injection in limiting the unbalanced currents generated from a dispersed generation. Using adaptive notch filter as a signal processing unit for the three-phase system, negative-sequence components are observed. The performance of entire control system is evaluated by time domain simulations, PSCAD/EMTDC （power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC）.

A GIS-based Study on Sustainable Human Settlements Functional Division in China

在中国1km×1km栅格尺度人居环境自然适宜性分类评价和分县尺度人口空间集聚程度分级评价的基础上,结合中国分县资源环境承载力和区域经济发展水平和发展潜力,确立了中国可持续的人居功能分区评价模型,提出了中国可持续发展的人居功能分区方案。研究表明:中国可持续的人居功能分区空间分布呈现东南半壁优于西北半壁的格局;人居功能强可持续地区面积约139.75×104km2,占国土面积的14.66%,相应人口4.3亿,接近总人口的1/3,主要分布在东南沿海、长江中下游地区、四川盆地、黄淮海平原以及东北平原的部分地区;人居功能较强可持续地区面积约193.61×104km2,占国土面积的1/5,相应人口3.2亿,接近总人口的1/4,主要分布在三江平原、辽河平原、山东半岛等地;可持续地区面积210.19×104km2,约占国土面积的22%,相应人口3.7亿,占总人口的28.24%,主要分布在呼伦贝尔高原、黄土高原和云贵高原等地,零星见于藏东南谷地和柴达木盆地等地区;较弱可持续地区,面积约145.85×104km2,占国土面积的15.30%,人口1.4亿,约占总人口的11%,零散分布于黄土高原、川滇高原和云贵高原的部分地区;弱可持续地区面积约263.86×104km2,约占国土面积的27.68%,相应人口0.4亿,接近总人口的3%,主要分布在青藏高原、西北荒漠以及川滇高原北部地区。

Are extrafloral nectaries efficient against herbivores? Herbivory and plant defenses in contrasting tropical species

Aims Plants have limited resources for defenses and species that invest in biotic defenses might exhibit leaves that invest less in other types of defenses.We have investigated whether plants that have few mechanical defenses,but have extrafloral nectaries(EFNs)patrolled by ants,are less prone to herbivory,compared with plants without EFNs that have tougher leaves.Methods Data from the literature were extracted to examine the reported levels of herbivory in plants with or without EFNs.In a savanna vegetation in southern Brazil,field data were collected in leaves from six tropical species and herbivory and specific leaf area(SLA)levels were measured.We further evaluated differences in herbivory and SLA among species and between plants with or without EFNs.In order to test the relationship between herbivory and leaf toughness we regressed average herbivory and average SLA per plant.Important Findings Plants exhibited variable levels of leaf damage,but plants without ant defenses experienced the highest levels of leaf area loss to herbivory.Levels of mechanical defenses were also variable among the plant species.Plants without EFNs were tougher,exhibiting lower values of SLA.Although plants without EFNs had more sclerophyllous leaves,this mechanical defense was not sufficient to impair and/or reduce herbivore feeding,suggesting that the biotic defenses performed by patrolling ants might be more effective than investment in mechanical defenses associated with leaf palatability.

Elevational divergence in the great tit complex revealed by major hemoglobin genes

Gene flow and demographic history can play important roles in the adaptive genetic differentiation of species, which is rarely understood in the high-altitude adaptive evolution of birds. To elucidate genetic divergence of populations in the great tit complex （Parus major, P. minor and P. cinereus） at different elevations, we compared the genetic structure and gene flow in hemoglobin genes with neutral loci. Our results revealed the elevationally divergent structure of αA-globin gene, distinctive from that of the/βA-globin gene and neutral loci. We further investigated gene flow patterns among the populations in the central-northern （〉 1,000 m a.s.l.）, south-eastern （〈 1,000 m a.s.l.） regions and the Southwest Mountains （〉2,000 m a.s.l.） in China. The high-altitude （〉 1,000 m a.s.l.） diverged aA-globin genetic structure coincidαed with higher αA-globin gene flow between highland populations, in contrast to restricted neutral gene flow concordant with the phylogeny. The higher aA-globin gene flow suggests the possibility of adaptive evolution during population divergence, contrary to the lower aA-globin gene flow homogenized by neutral loci during population expantion. In concordance with patterns of historical gene flow, genotypic and allelic profiles provide distinctive patterns of fixation in different high-altitude populations. The fixation of alleles at contrasting elevations may primarily due to highland standing variants aA49Asn/72Asn/108Ala originating from the south-western population. Our findings demonstrate a pattern of genetic divergence with gene flow in major hemoglobin genes depending on population demographic history.

Adaptive fractional window increment of TCP in multihop ad hoc networks

We propose an adaptive fractional window increasing algorithm (AFW) to improve the performance of the fractional window increment (FeW) in (Nahm et al., 2005). AFW fully utilizes the bandwidth when the network is idle, and limits the op-erating window when the network is congested. We evaluate AFW and compare the total throughput of AFW with that of FeW in different scenarios over chain, grid, random topologies and with hybrid traffics. Extensive simulation through ns2 shows that AFW obtains 5% higher throughput than FeW, whose throughput is significantly higher than that of TCP-Newreno, with limited modi-fications.

Fast removal of ocular artifacts from electroencephalogram signals using spatial constraint independent component analysis based recursive least squares in brain-computer interface

Ocular artifacts cause the main interfering signals within electroencephalogram （EEG） signal measurements. An adaptive filter based on reference signals from an electrooculogram （EOG） can reduce ocular interference, but collecting EOG signals during a long-term EEG recording is inconvenient and uncomfortable for the subject. To remove ocular artifacts from EEG in brain-computer interfaces （BCIs）, a method named spatial constraint independent component analysis based recursive least squares （SCICA-RLS） is proposed. The method consists of two stages. In the first stage, independent component analysis （ICA） is used to decompose multiple EEG channels into an equal number of independent components （ICs）. Ocular ICs are identified by an automatic artifact detection method based on kurtosis. Then empirical mode decomposition （EMD） is employed to remove any cerebral activity from the identified ocular ICs to obtain exact altifact ICs. In the second stage, first, SCICA applies exact artifact ICs obtained in the first stage as a constraint to extract artifact ICs from the given EEG signal. These extracted ICs are called spatial constraint ICs （SC-ICs）. Then the RLS based adaptive filter uses SC-ICs as reference signals to reduce interference, which avoids the need for parallel EOG recordings. In addition, the proposed method has the ability of fast computation as it is not necessary for SCICA to identify all ICs like ICA. Based on the EEG data recorded from seven subjects, the new approach can lead to average classification accuracies of 3.3% and 12.6% higher than those of the standard ICA and raw EEG, respectively. In addition, the proposed method has 83.5% and 83.8% reduction in time-consumption compared with the standard ICA and ICA-RLS, respectively, which demonstrates a better and faster OA reduction.