关于邺城古址之讨论──答邹逸麟同志

关于邺城古址之讨论答邹逸麟同志张之《殷都学刊》１９９５年第２期登载邹逸麟同志《春秋秦汉邺城古址考辨》一文，对拙作《邺之初筑是否在古邺城处》（《历史地理》第九辑，１９９０年），及《邺下古渠考》之第一部分（《中原文物》１９９４年第１期）提出不同意见。逸麟...

朝那县城址变迁概述

笔者认为历史时期朝那县留下了四个古城遗址,根据遗址地层中建筑残件的特征,运用地层学方法对四个遗址进行断代,分别概要确认四个城址为秦汉(宁夏彭阳)、东汉至北魏(甘肃灵台)、北魏至西魏(甘肃镇原)、北周至隋代(甘肃平凉)朝那县城的遗址,认为以往关于朝那城址的争议基本都有城址的证据,但将朝代混淆了。同时提出朝那县城址以及皇甫谧故乡的争议都是因为历代城址的迁徙变迁所致,认为只有跨省区对朝那县及其他遗留城址进行系统的研究,才能有效解决陕甘宁蒙毗邻地区古代城址不明的问题。

战国魏国兵器材料中“涑县”地理考实

战国时期魏国兵器材料中有两件铸地为“涑县”的戈。文章通过梳理相关材料,认为两戈铭中的“涑县”,与《左传》成公十三年“涑川”相关,即旧时所谓“涑水故城”。“涑水故城”盖即春秋时期的解梁城,其地望当在今永济市伍姓湖北的古城村遗址。涑县地理位置的考订,对认识战国时期魏国的政区地理是有意义的。

Stability monitoring and evaluation of the modeled test square for prehistoric earthen sites during excavation period

In order to explore the stability of test square during archaeological excavation for prehistoric earthen sites in Hangzhou, a modeled test square with 2. 3 min depth, inplane dimensions of 5 min width by 5 m in length, and an archaeological column in the middle was excavated by means of a top-down excavation technique. To investigate the stability performance of the modeled test square and the associated effect on the adjacent area, a real-time comprehensive instrumentation program was conducted during the excavation. Field observations included ground settlements, lateral displacement, pore pressure and underground water level. Monitoring data indicates that the ground settlement induced by dewatering and unloading action basically decreases with the increase of the distance away from the pit edge, and the lateral displacements at four sides showa nonlinear variation along the depth. The maximum value is far below the acceptable value regulated by the related standard,which validates the stability of the modeled test square during excavation. Variations of pore pressure and water level suggest that long-term stability should be paid more attention due to the slowconsolidation of soft soil. Meanwhile, it is proved that the step shape of the wall can resist lateral displacement more effectively than the vertical shape of wall. This case study provides insights into the real archaeological excavation in Hangzhou, in particular Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites.

Archaeoacoustics Analysis and Ceremonial Customs in an Ancient Hypogeum

The archeaoacoustic properties and the historical rituals of two ancient unaergrounu ~Ly~,u~ ~,~ v Malta is more widely known and researched; the second in Italy has been studied by SB Research Group （SBRG] and presents some similarities to the Maltese hypogeum. The results show that archaeoacoustics is an interesting new method for reanalyzing ancient sites, and it uses different study parameters to re-discover forgotten technology which operates on the human emotional sphere. The effect on the psyche of ancient people through the acoustic proprieties suggests that the builders of these sites had knowledge of this process and probably used it to enhance their rituals.

Climate Change in the Nile Delta from Prehistoric to the Modern Era and Their Impact on Soil and Vegetation in Some Archaeological Sites

Since the time of the rainy Holocene, there have been periods of consecutive rain and drought on Egypt. Study of carbon 14 in the long-lived coniferous tree rings could see activity in the sun （spots and solar flares） during eleven years cycle, as well as knowledge of possible flooding of the Nile and the periods of increase and decrease of the extent necessary to meet the soil around Lake Qarun in Fayoum-Egypt. From historical records in ancient Egypt and Muslim countries, the possible link between periods of the disappearance of sunspots on the solar disc for several years and is known to inch lower level and role of the minimum level of Mandour creeping ice on Southern Europe to the Mediterranean Sea, and the offset of the drought in North Africa and the Sahel region of Africa during the last thousand years. Analyzed pollen fossils of the overlapped layers of soil in two areas of the Delta were Avaris in Sharkiya Province and Mendes in Dakahliya Province. The study pointed out that there are differences due to environmental conditions, demonstrated by the analysis of soil pH, increased electrical connectivity also, the evidence of sulfates and chlorides indicate high salinity of Mendes and Avaris. Also the analysis of fossil pollen of successive layers of soil for both regions resulted in findings of fossil pollen of the species Chenopodiaceae by 51.2%, in Mendes, while, 7% in the Avaris. This is strong evidence of the existence conditions of salt in Mendes than Avaris archaeological sites.

Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites in Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake in China Based on GIS

There are about 19 Neolithic Age sites and 120 Shang-Zhou dynasties sites in the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China.Based on sites data,topographic data,drainage maps,administrative maps and SPOT5 remote sensing data,spatial analysis methods were introduced into the archaeology of Chaohu Lake Basin with Geographic Information System(GIS).The spatial analysis methods include:1) Point Density Analysis with density model to acquire the shift of the sites;2) Distance Analysis to reveal the spatial structure of the sites;3) 3D Analysis based on Digital Elevation Model to get micro-geomorphologic features of the sites;and 4) Buffer Analysis to discover the relationship between the sites and rivers.The results indicate that the archaeological sites spread from the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake gradually to the northwest,later to the south,and then symmetrically spread.Controlled by productive forces and other factors,ancient people preferred to reside in those places near water,or in plain and fertile land,which resulted in linear and decentralized distribution of the sites,and presented such disciplines as river valley directivity,terrace directivity and soil directivity.This paper indicates that the distribution of archaeological sites was influenced earlier by natural elements and later by human elements in the study period.The research is important for the integration of GIS and archaeology.

Origin of celiac disease:How old are predisposing haplotypes?

We recently presented the case of a first century AD young woman, found in the archaeological site of Cosa, showing clinical signs of malnutrition, such as short height, osteoporosis, dental enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia, indirect sign of anemia, all strongly suggestive for celiac disease (CD). However, whether these findings were actually associated to CD was not shown based on genetic parameters. To investigate her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class Ⅱ polymorphism, we extracted DNA from a bone sample and a tooth and genotyped HLA using three HLA-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms for DQ8, DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, specifically associated to CD. She displayed HLA DQ 2.5, the haplotype associated to the highest risk of CD. This isthe first report showing the presence of a HLA haplotype compatible for CD in archaeological specimens.

Influence of Air Pollution on the Deterioration of Monuments and Museum Collections

The time has come to recognize the extreme importance of the archaeological sites in Jordan. They provide a wealth evidence and precise information regarding ancient civilizations and cultures. The safeguarding of this cultural heritage is one of the most urgent priorities, that involve the proper conservation and preservation methods of all artifacts and buildings that have an important artistic and historic value. Conservation is a whole field in regarding the care and treatment of valuable artifacts, both movable and immovable. It has two aspects： （1） the control of the environment--to minimize the decay of artifacts and materials and （2） the treatment of these--in order to stop or slow down any deterioration and to stabilize them where possible against further dilapidation. The museum environment is a limited space dedicated not only to exhibition but also to the appropriate conservation of works of art. This article presents an overview of the types of damage and deterioration that air pollution causes to indoor cultural heritage materials and monuments. It identifies the main damaging air pollutants from outdoor sources to be sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and sulphide gases.

The Effect of the Hot Springs at the Umm Qeis Archaeological Site and Museum

Several recent studies have pointed out that northern parts of Jordan are exposed to high levels of the effect of the hot spring, which is widely known to have severe impacts on health, vegetation and structures. North Jordan has a wealth of ancient heritage including six out of the ten Decapolis Cities. Air pollution that comes out from the hot springs is alleged to deteriorate and erode buildings, structures, statues and monuments through acid deposition. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess air quality at Gadara, the capital of the ancient Decapolis and suggest mitigation measures that have to be adopted in order to save the ancient heritage against further deterioration. Measurements revealed that most criteria air pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide attain corresponding national ambient air quality standards. Atmospheric concentrations of NO are strongly linked to the amount of 03. Simultaneous exposure to SO2 and NO2 demonstrated that a catalytic reaction takes place which increases the rate of sulphate production after 30 h exposure.

Megalithic Culture and Its Post Visualization： A Short Review on Findings From Archeological Site and Local Tradition in Indonesia

Long span of megalithic culture development in Indonesia can be seen from its materials remain. It does appear on the sacred and on the profane form. The aim of this article is trying to describe about the megalithic visualization. Some of megalithic aspects such as shape, size, and its material had been applied. Megalithic culture in Indonesia is generally found on small size, while the large size is only found in certain locations. It can be concluded the visualization of megalithic culture in Indonesia is no longer in accordance with its etymology as cultural that uses large stone, because small stone and wood are also used as source.

Living （on） Archaeological Sites in Turkey： Engagement of Local Communities into Decision Making Process

Archeological sites have been considered as ＂dead＂ sites consisted from building remain buried into ground in modern heritage management doctrines for a long period. Thus their conservation policies are mainly shaped according to this Western perspective. After the spread of international doctrines in conservation of cultural heritage to other parts of the world, it was realized that some archaeological sites were more than group building remains. They were pilgrim sites for the local communities continuously for centuries onwards. Even in some cases, they have traditional management systems to take care for the site. This has raised the awareness about the gaps in modern heritage conservation approaches. International organizations have mentioned about the involvement of local groups in heritage management systems considering their traditional and cultural association with the cultural site. This has provided shifting of conservation approaches from conventional approaches towards living heritage approach in such delicate cultural heritage sites. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the historic generation of policies towards local communities living on archaeological sites in Turkey comparing the policies between living （on） archaeological sites and living archaeological sites approach.

Minor Morphological Features in Maria Archeological Ruins Using Thin Section Analysis

Maria sites are important historical sites, backing to the Byzantine period. The sites suffer from weathering noted as honeycomb, exfoliation and discoloration with white salt efflorescence at some parts. These are diagnostic features for salt weathering as confirmed by the laboratory investigations using thin section analysis. The salt is found to be from three sources, namely, water spray, chemical alteration of the mortar＇s carbonate content into sulfate salts by acid rain, and wet deposition of air pollutants on the surface of the stones ruins. The cracks noted in the structures of this archeological building are the results of landslides in this area. Knowledge of the archeological sites material examined can be greatly enhanced by understanding the process in their formation of degradation. This paper aims to describe the use of thin sections/micromorphology in the archeological sites. Analysis data of physical sitting, geology, geomorphology, and climate have been done to determine the main nature of hazards in this sites. Dynamic processing problems are existing along Alexandria coast including beach erosion, pollution and manmade. Thin section analysis is used to determine the factor in increasing the hazard level.

An Assessment of Strategies for Cultural Heritage Management and Tourism Development in the Eyasi Basin, Northern Tanzania

This paper assesses the manner in which a local community has been incorporated into the management and utilization of cultural heritage resources in the lake Eyasi basin, northern Tanzania, in order to reduce poverty. One of the most important programs used to encourage rural developments is the outlay of cultural tourism. Lake Eyasi region is one of the few regions in Tanzania with brilliant cultural heritage resources including archaeological sites and distinctive indigenous cultural traits that cannot be seen in other places across Eastern Africa. Archaeological records of this region exhibit the earliest evidence for hominin morphological change from archaic to modem humans. It is also coherent key development traits including complex lithic technologies and artistic imaginations as it is the case for all living people. Ethnographic research in the region sheds light on the living standards of a modem foraging community that has consistently relied on wildlife resources for several decades. Both archaeological and ethnographical aspects have made this region an enduring attraction for tourists to seek a unique experience and gain an appreciation for the past. Even though there are positive impacts of tourism on rural development, there are potential challenges that need immediate attention.

Mysteries and Mysticism in the Arabian Desert

Saudi Arabia is rich not only in its oil, but also in its cultural heritages. With 1,500 rock arts and 4,000 archaeological sites it is the fourth largest rock art region in the world. The entire Saudi Arabia has been comprehensively surveyed, investigated, and documented under the auspices of the Saudi Arabian Department of Antiquities （now Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities）. The archaeological and rock art investigations revealed tantalizing results providing the evidence of human presence in the Arabian Peninsula from the early Acheulean period until the present day. In addition to the ancient towns and cities like Madain Saleh （contemporary to Petra in Jordan）, Tayma, Domat al-Jandal, Thaj, and al-Fao and Ukhdoud hundreds of strange, mysterious, and mystic structures and petrolyghs are located in the deserts of Arabia. A few of such sites are discussed in this paper, highlighting the strong but still unknown to the world the cultural heritage of Saudi Arabia.

Geo-Archeological Hazard in Ehnasi Site, Bani Souf, Egypt

Archaeological sites are most visible records of our cultural heritage, These sites are often constructed of stone threaten by geomorphological processing, pollution, urbanization, public access, groundwater seepage and geological hazards, such as rock falls. These archaeological sites suffered deterioration and failure of some parts. Environmental hazards are the main agent responsible for the monument degrading knowledge of intensity of environmental hazards together with their aggressiveness characteristics surrounding the monumentally area which is important during all phases restoration process （both previous and to be executed in situ）. The main geo-environmental hazards which affect the monuments under investigation; weathering, air pollution, seismic activity.

Reasons Why the Great Pyramids of Giza Remain the Only Surviving Wonder of the Ancient World： Drawing Ideas from the Structure of the Giza Pyramids to Nuclear Power Plants

Selecting a site for a nuclear power plant requires extensive studies to ensure its safety and stability during its operation until its decommissioning. The 4,500-year old Egyptian pyramids at Giza are buildings to learn from. This paper tries to pin down the reasons for the survival of the Giza pyramids in order to reach a criterion for choosing sites for important buildings. It argues that the site selection and the geological properties of the area, being away from seismic effects,, floods and groundwater levels, the stability of the geometric form of the pyramid, the solidity of the structural engineering and precision of execution arguably are the reasons why the Great Pyramids of Giza are the only survivors of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

Archaeological Work IN THE RUINS OF CHINGWA TAKTSE PALACES

The ruins of Chingwa Taktse are located in the Chogye Valley in Lhoka of Tibet.It faces the famous Valley of the Kings across a distance.According to Tibetan historical records,Chingwa Taktse was the earliest Tubo palace complex.Six notable palaces were built successively on the rolling hills here.Local folklore has it that it is a＂princess＇s tomb＂：

A preliminary application of dental cementum incremental analysis to determine the season-of-death of equids from the Xujiayao site,China

Seasonality study of Paleolithic archaeological faunal assemblages is important for reconstructing modes of animal death and ancient hominin strategies for prey acquisition. The dental cementum of animal teeth records the season of an individual animal in which it died, providing the necessary evidence for determining any patterns in season of death. This article presents the procedure and preliminary results of the application of cementum incremental analysis to equid teeth, which comprise the dominant component of the fauna from the Xujiayao Site—an early Late Pleistocene archaeological site in China. Results show multi-seasonal use in both the upper and lower layers of this site. Furthermore, attention is given to the method's future application in seasonality studies at Paleolithic archaeological sites in China.

The black pottery coating of longshan times from Taosi Site

Taosi is an archaeological site in Xiangfen county, Shanxi province. It is considered as a capital city site with the rudiment of an early country in Longshan Times. In this work, the black pottery coating was found on the surface of black and grey pottery of Longshan times and confirmed by scientific studies for the first time. It filled in the blank of pottery coating study in this time period at the Yellow River Valley, as well as supplied a new study method of "black skin pottery" besides the carburization craft. In addition, according to the archaeological materials, we inferred that the wares with this pottery coating might be only used by the nobility at that time.