我国汽车产品的回收利用和可再生化趋势

通过对我国汽车产品回收利用和可再生化趋势的分析,论述了国外汽车产业回收利用的发展模式及现状,对国内汽车产业回收利用现状与差距进行了分析,提出了中国汽车产业回收利用的技术发展路线。

一汽集团乘用车动力总成低碳技术策略

介绍了一汽集团乘用车动力总成的低碳化、可再生化和电动化技术路线。阐述了传统汽油机通过汽油直喷、增压降排量技术、EGR和怠速停机等技术实现国家第三阶段油耗法规的规划。具体说明了通过直喷分层燃烧、HCCI和轿车柴油机化等技术实现低碳化的中长期技术方案、利用替代燃料实现乘用车动力总成燃料的可再生化的可持续发展重要策略和乘用车动力系统电动化的长期发展战略。

Advances in designing heterojunction photocatalytic materials

Under the background of increasing energy crisis and global warming,semiconductor-based photocatalysis has received tremendous attention due to its potential application in green energy production,CO_(2) reduction and pollutant degradation.The photocatalytic activity of semiconductors,however,remains low due to issues like fast recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs,limited electron mobility,restricted optical absorption or insufficient active sites.Designing appropriate heterojunctions is proved to be a promising method to address most of these issues and thus to improve the photocatalytic performance.In this review,the working mechanism of various heterojunctions is presented systematically.The most recent advances of strategies in designing and preparing efficient heterojunction photocatalysts are further summarized and some perspectives on the future directions in this field are provided.

China's INDC and non-fossil energy development

Global climate change promotes the energy system reform. Achieving a high proportion of renewable energy becomes the major countries＇ energy strategy. As proposed in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions （INDC）, China intends to raise the proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption to about 20% by 2030. That ambitious goal means the non-fossil energy supplies by 2030 will be 7-8 times that of 2005, and the annual increase rate is more than 8% within the 25 years. Besides, the capacity of wind power, solar power, hy- dropower and nuclear power reaches 400 GW, 350 GW, 450 GW, and 150 GW respectively, and China＇s non-fossil power capacity is even greater than the U.S.＇s total power capacity. In addition, the scale of natural gas increases. Consequently, by 2030, the proportion of coal falls from the current 70% to below 50%, and the CO2 intensity of energy consumption decreases by 20% compared with the level of 2005, which play important roles in significantly reducing the CO2 intensity of GDE Since China has confirmed to achieve the CO2 emissions peak around 2030, at that time, the newly added energy demand will be satisfied by non-fossil energy, and the consumption of fossil fuel will stop growing. By 2030, non-fossil energy accounts for 20%, and the large scale and sound momentum of new and renewable energy industry will support the growth of total energy demand, which plays a key role in CO2 emissions peaking and beginning to decline, and lays the foundation for establishing a new energy system dominated by new and renewable energy in the second half of the 21 st century as well as finally achieving the CO2 zero-emission.

Essential Oil Composition of Six Pinus L. Taxa （Pinaceae） from Canada and Their Chemotaxonomy

In this study six Pinus L. taxa from Canada （P. strobus L., P. parviflora Siebold ＆ Zucc., P. mugo Turra subsp, mugo, P. resinosa Sol. ex Alton, P. flexilis E. James and P. nigra J. F. Arnold） were studied to determine on chemical characters of studied taxa. For this purpose, essential oil from needles of the six Pinus taxa were investigated by HS-SPME/GC-MS. 38, 33, 39, 28, 31 and 46 compounds were respectively identified from each species representing 95.90%, 95.07%, 95.79%, 96.20%, 93.05% and 96.25% of the oil. The results have given some clues on the chemotaxonomy of this genus and are of usable potentials of the plants as renewable resources. Although the essential oil composition of studied taxa showed chemical divergences because of climatical, seasonal, geographical and geological factors, but the major compounds of plant derivatives are generally similar and the major compounds are chemotaxonomical markers for studied taxa.

Effect of blade pitch angle on aerodynamic performance of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine

Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine(S-VAWT) appears to be particularly promising for the shortage of fossil fuel reserves owing to its distinct advantages, but suffers from poor self-starting and low power coefficient. Variable-pitch method was recognized as an attractive solution to performance improvement, thus majority efforts had been devoted into blade pitch angle effect on aerodynamic performance. Taken into account the local flow field of S-VAWT, mathematical model was built to analyze the relationship between power outputs and pitch angle. Numerical simulations on static and dynamic performances of blade were carried out and optimized pitch angle along the rotor were presented. Comparative analyses of fixed pitch and variable-pitch S-VAWT were conducted, and a considerable improvement of the performance was obtained by the optimized blade pitch angle, in particular, a relative increase of the power coefficient by more than 19.3%. It is further demonstrated that the self-starting is greatly improved with the optimized blade pitch angle.

Design Automation of the Manufacturing Process of a Mini Biodiesel Plant

The increasing pollution in the atmospheric layer has meant world-wide temperature variations, causing the melting of icecaps and floods, among other environmental factors. This change in temperature has been mainly caused by the indiscriminate emission of CO2, especially due to the rising number of vehicles in circulation. Researchers have identified that, among other types of fuel, diesel has the highest level of CO2 emission. Hence the need for the development of biodiesel, produced from oleaginous plants, aimed at reducing the emission of this harmful gas into the atmosphere, besides using renewable resources. However, as in any automation process, it is necessary to have sensors, actuators, and controllers, which together perform the automation and control of the production process. Besides that, there are other process variables to be accounted for, such as temperature, flow, and level. Considering such concept, and within the academic context, the creation process of a mini biodiesel plant will be described.

Transformation of Biomass into Aromatics with Zeolite Catalysts

Biomass is a nature renewable resource which can be used for the production of high value chemicals and bio-fuels. In the present work, the transformation of sawdust into aromat- ics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes was investigated over a series of zeolite catalysts （NaZSM-5, HZSM-5, ReY and HY catalysts）. Among the tested catalysts, the HZSM-5 catalyst shows the highest activity for the production of aromatics. The yield and carbon selectivity of aromatics reached about 26.5% and 62.5C-mo1%, respectively over the HZSM-5 catalyst under the optimal condition of T=450 ℃, f（N2）=300 cm^3/min, and catalyst/lignin ratio of 2. The effects of the reaction conditions including temperature, gas flow rate, and catalyst/sawdust ratio on the production of aromatics were investigated in detail and the formation of aromatics from lignocellulosic biomass was also addressed.

Developing bioenergy to tackle climate change：Bioenergy path and practice of Tianguan group

Biomass energy would become the most potential renewable energies, for whether wind power or photovoltaic, would be restricted by the nature thus cannot provide stable power, while biomass energy is the only renewable energy that can be used in the form of gas, liquid or solid stage, it could replace the fossil energy, lead a positive influence on the control of the greenhouse gases. Across the globe, the biomass produced through photosynthesis is about 200 Gt, or 99 Gtce per year. If 10% of the biomass is utilized, more than 4 Gt of fuel ethanol and other bioenergy products can be produced, equivalent to 4.13 Gt of petroleum consumed by the world in 2014. Therefore, bioenergy can be a feasible alternative to fossil energy.

Issues and Solutions for China's Photovoltaic Power Industry

Solar energy is an important renewable energy.Developing photovoltaic power will not only relieve the energy supply-demand contradiction and optimize the energy structure,but also help to restructure this industry.This paper analyzes the status quo and the development prospects of China's photovoltaic power industry and its existing issues,and puts forward some suggestions and solutions for its healthy and orderly development.

Microwave-Assisted Decarboxylation of Sodium Oleate and Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuel Production

The carboxyl terminal of sodium oleate has a stronger polarity than that of oleic acid;this terminal is more likely to be dipole polarized and ionically conductive in a microwave field.Sodium oleate was used as the model compound to study the decarboxylation of oleic acid leading to hydrocarbon formation via microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology.The pyrolysis gas,liquid,and solid products were precisely analyzed to deduce the mechanism for decarboxylation of sodium oleate.Microwave energy was able to selectively heat the carboxyl terminal of sodium oleate.During decarboxylation,the double bond in the long hydrocarbon chain formed a p-πconjugated system with the carbanion intermediate.The resulting p-πconjugated system was more stable and beneficial to the pyrolysis reaction(decarboxylation,terminal allylation,isomerization,and aromatization).The physical properties of pyrolysis liquid were generally similar to those of diesel fuel,thereby demonstrating the possible use of microwaves for controlling the decarboxylation of sodium oleate in order to manufacture renewable hydrocarbon fuels.

Experimental study on countermeasure against liquefaction-induced flotation of manhole using recycled materials packed in sandbags

The 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake in Japan caused serious damage to sewage facilities such as uplift of manholes and settlement of pavement above backfill soil for pipes.This paper deals with shake table tests in a 1 g gravity field on application of recycled materials for ground improvement to mitigation of liquefaction-induced flotation of manhole during earthquakes.The recycled materials used in tests were tire chips made of waste tires and crushed gravels made of waste reinforced concrete,and they were packed in sandbags.From the test results,it was confirmed that the recycled materials packed in sandbags could be treated as one of the countermeasures to restrain the flotation of manholes and settlement of ground surrounded by sandbags.

Carbon Dioxide Control-Technology for the Future

The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.

Development of Wind Energy in the Region of Tehuantepec

Wind energy is renewable energy which is an alternative to the challenge facing the worlds electricity sector to reduce the conventional electricity that is based on burning fossil fuels. Mexico recognizes the need to undertake sustainable development activities that promote the welfare of present and future generations. This country has a significant potential whose exploitation could meet up to 5% of electricity needs. The region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca State has been characterized as the region with the highest wind resources in Mexico. This article discusses the current state of wind energy in this region from an economic perspective, environmental policy and to promote greater participation in the national grid.

Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization for Controlling Virtual Power Plant Consisting of Renewable Energy Sources

RES （renewable energy sources）, such as wind and photovoltaic power plants, suffer from their stochastic nature that is why their behavior on market is very delicate. In order to diversify risk, a concept of VPP （virtual power plant） has been developed. The VPP is composed of several RES, from which at least one of them is fully controllable. Because the production of noncontrollable RES can not be forecasted perfectly, therefore an optimal dispatch schedule within VPP is needed. To address this problem, an APSO （accelerated particle swarm optimization） is used to solve the constrained optimal dispatch problem within VPP. The experimental results show that the proposed optimization method provides high quality solutions while meeting constraints.

An analysis of China's CO_2 emission peaking target and pathways

China has set the goal for its CO2 emissions to peak around 2030, which is not only a strategic decision coordinating domestic sustainable development and global climate change mitigation but also an overarching target and a key point of action for China＇s resource conservation, environmental protection, shift in economic development patterns, and CO2 emission reduction to avoid climate change. The development stage where China maps out the CO2 emission peak target is earlier than that of the developed countries. It is a necessity that the non-fossil energy supplies be able to meet all the increased energy demand for achieving CO2 emission peaking. Given that China＇s potential GDP annual increasing rate will be more than 4%, and China＇s total energy demand will continue to increase by approximately 1.0%--1.5% annually around 2030, new and renewable energies will need to increase by 6%-8% annually to meet the desired CO2 emission peak. The share of new and renewable energies in China＇s total primary energy supply will be approximately 20% by 2030. At that time, the energy consumption elasticity will decrease to around 0.3, and the annual decrease in the rate of CO2 intensity will also be higher than 4% to ensure the sustained growth of GDE To achieve the CO2 emission peaking target and substantially promote the low-carbon deve!opment transformation, China needs to actively promote an energy production and consumption revolution, the innovation of advanced energy technologies, the reform of the energy regulatory system and pricing mechanism, and especially the construction of a national carbon emission cap and trade system.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol on Beta Zeolite Catalysts

Biomass is considered the largest renewable energy source and an important alternative for biofuel production. The fast pyrolysis of biomass is an economical and advantageous to get bio-oil. However, bio-oil has a large amount of oxygenated compounds and needs upgrade. The catalytic process of HDO （hydrodeoxygenation） is the most efficient way to remove oxygen from the bio-oil. In this paper, it was studied the HDO phenol （300 ℃ and 35 atm） on catalysts based on cobalt or copper oxides supported on HBeta zeolite. The catalysts were characterized by XRD （X-ray diffraction）, FTIR （infrared spectroscopy） and NH3-TPD （desorption of ammonia）. The results showed the presence of CO304 （cobalt oxide） and CuO （copper oxide）. The measurements showed the presence of acid sites weak, moderate and strong and that the impregnation of the metal oxide modifying the acidity of the support. The results showed the following order HDO conversion： CoHBeta 〉 CuHBeta 〉 HBeta. The presence of the cobalt or copper catalysts contributes to the increase in conversion due to hydrogenation. All catalysts were selective to benzene, but only the impregnated catalysts showed selectivity to cyclohexane and cyclohexene.

The Role of Hydropower in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation： A Review

Hydropower is a clean,renewable,and environmentally friendly source of energy.It produces 3930(TW·h)·a–1,and yields 16% of the world's generated electricity and about 78% of renewable electricity generation(in 2015).Hydropower and climate change show a double relationship.On the one hand,as an important renewable energy resource,hydropower contributes significantly to the avoidance of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and to the mitigation of global warming.On the other hand,climate change is likely to alter river discharge,impacting water availability and hydropower generation.Hydropower contributes significantly to the reduction of GHG emissions and to energy supply security.Compared with conventional coal power plants,hydropower prevents the emission of about 3 GT CO2 per year,which represents about 9% of global annual CO2 emissions.Hydropower projects may also have an enabling role beyond the electricity sector,as a financing instrument for multipurpose reservoirs and as an adaptive measure regarding the impacts of climate change on water resources,because regulated basins with large reservoir capacities are more resilient to water resource changes,less vulnerable to climate change,and act as a storage buffer against climate change.At the global level,the overall impact of climate change on existing hydropower generation may be expected to be small,or even slightly positive.However,there is the possibility of substantial variations across regions and even within countries.In conclusion,the general verdict on hydropower is that it is a cheap and mature technology that contributes significantly to climate change mitigation,and could play an important role in the climate change adaptation of water resource availability.However,careful attention is necessary to mitigate the substantial environmental and social costs.Roughly more than a terawatt of capacity could be added in upcoming decades.

Pyrolysis of Banana and Coffee Residues after Acid Hydrolysis

The use of the residues from renewable feedstock, besides the production of fuels, but also for the generation of other chemicals products, has become a priority. Superior plants have considerable potential as carbohydrate, aryl and fatty acids sources. However, the separation of the main constituents of the samples is necessary for several purposes in the biorefinery concept. The acid hydrolysis and pyrolysis processes are very promising technology, however, some adjustments in the conditions of pyrolysis are needed for different biomasses since carbohydrates were detected （14%-17%） in the residues after the conventional acid hydrolysis of these uncommon biomasses （coffee husk and banana stem and stalk）. On the other hand, it was showed that, by pyrolysis, it is possible to obtain from the solid residue after acid hydrolysis： pyrogenic carbon （charcoal with a yield of 48.5%-52.7%） for agriculture use （biochar） and valuable chemicals in the pyrolysis oil biooil fraction （that accounted by 26.4%-29.0%, free of water）, such as lignin monomers （32.6%-56.4% of the bio-oil） and fatty acids （30%-52.5%）.

New photo-thermal-synthesized polymer for self-compacting concrete to increase productivity, minimize pollution, and eliminate steam curing in precast concrete

The objective in this study is to apply the sustainable chemistry and photo-thermal synthesis technology to produce the sustainable eco-superplasticiser for the sustainable high performance SCC concrete especially in hot tropical countries. A photo-thermal synthesized eco-superplasticiser （PSES） was produced by using photo-thermal catalyst in a solar chemical reactor. In this preliminary study, an unique high early strength of SCC concrete has been successfully produced by imposing an unique proportion of the photo-thermal-synthesized eco- Superplasticiser （PSES）, local fly ash, sand and aggregate. The SCC concrete is preliminary tried in the precast concrete product to produce the complicated geometries as Tunnel segment, U-shape beam, and Box girder which have the critical reinforcement and thin section concrete. Surprisingly, this SCC provide the benefits as eliminating steaming energy, increased productivity, and minimize pollution. These unique properties of sustainable SCC concrete can not be achieved by the convention concrete by using ligno, naphthalene and melamine base superplasficiser. The synthesized sustainable eco-superplasticiser is a perfect choice to fully utilized the renewable energy and improve the concrete working environment.