“双碳”目标下可再生能源发展规划实施的用地困境及其纾解

在国土空间用途管制和生态环境分区管控背景下,如何保障可再生能源大规模开发的用地需求是实施可再生能源发展规划亟待解决的问题。中国可再生能源发展规划的实施尚面临国土空间约束、土地利用冲突、生态环境约束、邻避效应等多重困境。在中东部地区,国土空间约束主要表现为可再生能源用地的来源稀少,应当重点通过国土空间的立体化开发以及污染地块和矿山废弃地的再利用拓展可再生能源大规模开发的用地来源。在西部地区,虽然有较大面积的未利用地,但囿于生态保护红线约束或电网、储能等基础设施薄弱,可再生能源大规模开发用地的有效供给尚显不足,应当重点通过建立可再生能源规划区制度和完善生态保护红线制度实现可再生能源发展规划与国土空间规划、生态环境分区管控之间的协同。风能、光伏和太阳能热利用等可再生能源发电主要通过改变土地利用方式对生态环境产生影响,进而可能导致生物多样性、水土保持等生态系统服务的损失。为避免或降低可再生能源开发带来的生态环境影响,应当实现可再生能源发展目标与生态环境保护目标的协同,建立健全生态环境、自然资源、能源等主管部门相互协作的可再生能源开发管理体制以及与生态环境保护要求相适应的可再生能源开发管理机制。可再生能源发电设施的建设和运行可能给社区居民带来噪声、采光、景观、开放空间和休闲娱乐等方面的不利影响,进而产生邻避效应。可再生能源开发利用邻避效应的治理需科学制定标准,规制可再生能源发电对周边居民的不利影响;完善可再生能源开发利用的公众参与机制,尊重利益相关者;建立可再生能源发展的惠益分享机制,以共赢破解邻避难题。

考虑碳中和目标与成本优化的可再生能源大规模发展规划

提出一种碳中和目标下我国可再生能源大规模发展规划的两阶段多目标优化框架。考虑最大碳减排量与最小发电成本构建可再生能源大规模发展的多目标优化模型,设置碳中和目标达成时间与可再生能源投资总额变化的仿真情景,以考察中国可再生能源的发展趋势,分别利用多目标粒子群算法、多属性决策方法求出非支配解集,选取最优方案。结果显示,按时实现碳中和目标需主要可再生能源累计装机总量达到约8435 GW,光伏、风电、生物质能发电、水电分别约3863 GW、3882 GW、163 GW、527 GW,碳减排贡献分别占37%、53%、5%和5%;应持续大力发展占据主导地位的光伏和风电,但在投资增长情景下生物质能发电、光伏的装机量和碳减排量增长幅度更大,可考虑给予适当政策和投资倾斜。

《可再生能源中长期发展规划》概要

为了加快可再生能源发展,促进节能减排,积极应对气候变化,更好地满足经济和社会可持续发展的需要,在总结我国可再生能源资源、技术及产业发展状况,借鉴国际可再生能源发展经验基础上,国家发改委研究制定了《可再生能源中长期发展规划》,提出了从现在到2020年期间我国可再生能源发展的指导思想、主要任务、发展目标、重点领域和保障措施,以指导我国可再生能源发展和项目建设。规划全文概要如下:

Development Plan of New and Renewable Energy Industry in China for Year 2000-2015

This paper presents the guidelines and basic ideas for working out the development plan of new and renewable energy based upon China’s conditions, the foundation of industrialization development, targets of development for year 2000-2015 and the main tasks of industrialization system construction.

Wind Power Related Policies and Regulations in China--Status, Problems and Solutions

This article identifies urgent problems regarding to China＇s wind power development from the perspective of wind power planning, construction and operation. China＇s wind power has been experiencing rapid growth since the enactment of Renewable Energy Law in 2006, but there are also some problems with respect to the coordinated development of wind power and power grids. By learning experience from United States, Germany, Spain and Denmark, some suggestions are systematically put forward for the improvement of wind power related policies and regulations. By taking a neutral position and taking into account interests of all stakeholders, this article has proposed overall, comprehensive and system-wide political and regulatory solutions to the current problems in wind power development. Firstly, unified planning should be implemented. Secondly, administrative procedures and approval process for grid projects should be streamlined and simplified. Thirdly, Mechanism for ancillary service should be set up to motivate conventional units to operate in a more flexible way. Fourthly, peak/valley or even negative feed-in tariff should be introduced stepwise. Fifthly, pilot projects of heating with wind power should be accelerated.