Accomodation of power system constraints with the market mechanism is encountered as a major challenge along the way toward implementation of different electricity market designs. Allocation of fixe or flow-dependent ...Accomodation of power system constraints with the market mechanism is encountered as a major challenge along the way toward implementation of different electricity market designs. Allocation of fixe or flow-dependent inter-zone trading capacities by the PX (power exchange) can not be accepted unreservedly. The paper is meant to show that a nodal electricity market design that is based on bids for local energy and a regulated transmission access including allocation of "entry-exit" transmission capacity would be the desired solution. The market players could easily optimize their portfolio while the TSOs (transmission system operators) are requested to mobilize the network's in-built flexibility to increase the cross zonal capacity. In the proposed market design, the PX's allocation of trading capacity is clearly separate from the TSO's management of the power system operational constraint5. Clear operator roles would enlarge access to electricity market as well as market integration of variable RESs (renewable energy sources) that are critically dependent on short notice access to regionat markets,展开更多
A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutio...A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutional framework for addressing global greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of equity and sustainability. But the sustainability of carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the total global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint. If an initial allocation is made among all members of the global village on a per capita basis, a limited total budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure equity. Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs, we should implement carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding financial mechanism to ensure efficient allocation. Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol, the carbon budget proposal presented here is a comprehensive and holistic package. Due to the politicization of the climate change question, however, many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.展开更多
文摘Accomodation of power system constraints with the market mechanism is encountered as a major challenge along the way toward implementation of different electricity market designs. Allocation of fixe or flow-dependent inter-zone trading capacities by the PX (power exchange) can not be accepted unreservedly. The paper is meant to show that a nodal electricity market design that is based on bids for local energy and a regulated transmission access including allocation of "entry-exit" transmission capacity would be the desired solution. The market players could easily optimize their portfolio while the TSOs (transmission system operators) are requested to mobilize the network's in-built flexibility to increase the cross zonal capacity. In the proposed market design, the PX's allocation of trading capacity is clearly separate from the TSO's management of the power system operational constraint5. Clear operator roles would enlarge access to electricity market as well as market integration of variable RESs (renewable energy sources) that are critically dependent on short notice access to regionat markets,
文摘A worldwide consensus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has been reached at the technical and political level. However, as the issue involves economic costs and developmental interests, the international institutional framework for addressing global greenhouse gas emissions has consistently failed to balance the demands of equity and sustainability. But the sustainability of carbon budget proposal is undoubtedly achievable if the total global carbon budget (the total amount of carbon permitted by climate security) is made an absolute constraint. If an initial allocation is made among all members of the global village on a per capita basis, a limited total budget could not only meet basic needs but also ensure equity. Taking into account historical emission levels and future needs, we should implement carbon budget transfer payments and devise a corresponding financial mechanism to ensure efficient allocation. Unlike the phase-by-phase progress and provisional goals of the Kyoto Protocol, the carbon budget proposal presented here is a comprehensive and holistic package. Due to the politicization of the climate change question, however, many technical issues can only be worked out through international political and diplomatic negotiations.