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制度经济学的基本问题:制度何以可能 被引量:2
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作者 韦倩 《理论学刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2014年第1期60-63,共4页
"制度何以可能"的问题跟"制度如何起源"的问题虽有交集,但却是两个完全不同的问题。"制度如何起源"是要回答最初的制度是如何产生的,而"制度何以可能"的问题则是要回答当制度产生后如何得以存... "制度何以可能"的问题跟"制度如何起源"的问题虽有交集,但却是两个完全不同的问题。"制度如何起源"是要回答最初的制度是如何产生的,而"制度何以可能"的问题则是要回答当制度产生后如何得以存在的。根据生物学的观点,起源可能仅仅来自于突变或变异,因此,事物的重要性不在于"起源"而在于"可能"。由于N阶搭便车现象的存在,使得从物质利益的视角去回答该问题是不合适的,而只能向人的内心去追问。制度之所以可能,在于社会成员内心具有"可制度性",并基于神经元经济学的文献为人类内心的可制度性提供了足够的证据。 展开更多
关键词 制度 制度经济学 可制度性 神经元经济学
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浅谈得力公司制度营销策略——基于国际市场营销学和新制度经济学
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作者 吕晓乐 《当代经济》 2016年第12期119-120,共2页
新制度经济学是用经济学的方法研究人与制度以及经济活动他们三者之间的相互联系,在本文中引入国际市场营销与之相结合,通过对得力企业的营销模式挖掘,分析新制度经济学在其中的作用机制。
关键词 制度营销 可制度性 社会性营销 政治性营销
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Use of Farmers’ Indicators to Evaluate the Sustainability of Cropping Systems on Sloping Land in Yunnan Province, China 被引量:4
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作者 M. SUBEDI T. J. HOCKING +4 位作者 M. A. FULLEN A, R. McCREA E. MILNE WU Bo-Zhi D. Jo MITCHELL 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第3期344-355,共12页
Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developin... Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers' response can be grouped into seven major aspects: i) effects on income, ii) effects on production resources, iii) effects on crop management, iv) existing local knowledge about the technology, v) availability of inputs, vi) access to information, and vii) socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers' awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes. 展开更多
关键词 agro-environmental sustainability China farmers' evaluation farmers' indicator paired catchments
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Sustainability of Transhumance Grazing Systems under Socio-economic Threats in Langtang,Nepal 被引量:1
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作者 Suman ARYAL Tek Narayan MARASENI Geoff COCKFIELD 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2014年第4期1023-1034,共12页
The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constra... The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability. 展开更多
关键词 Chauri DRIVERS Langtang Nepal TRANSHUMANCE
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Improving the Equity and Sustainability of the Social Protection System
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作者 朱玲 《China Economist》 2011年第2期40-50,共11页
The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are"overprotected",while workers in t... The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are"overprotected",while workers in the non-public sector,especially farmers and rural migrant workers,are"under-protected".The segmented pension system impedes labor mobility while increasing administrative costs.Policies aimed at developing the new rural cooperative medical system and new rural old-age insurance scheme,as well as policies aimed at encouraging migrant workers to participate in urban social insurance programs,help improve the equity of social protection.Howere,competition between different local governments to win the "welfae crown" and the heavy brden placed on local finance caused by welface overspending has been hurting the sustainability of social protection programs.The following measures are suggested to address these problems;First,cease using social insurance coverage as an indicator of work performance for government officials;second,enhance the responsibility of the central government in social expenditure while increasing public transfers to less-developed regions in order to improve social assistance and merit goods provision;third,integrate or reorganized various sgements into one entity under each insurance program,with the purpose of eventually eliminating the segmentation problem in China's social protection system. 展开更多
关键词 social protection EQUITY SUSTAINABILITY poverty reduction
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Pension replacement rate related to the scope and specific estimates
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作者 LIU Xiaoyong SU Manying 《International English Education Research》 2016年第1期37-40,共4页
Pension replacement rate in respect of almost everyone's retirement, about the sustainability of the whole pension system, stable relations of society as a whole. For the pension replacement rate study, researchers c... Pension replacement rate in respect of almost everyone's retirement, about the sustainability of the whole pension system, stable relations of society as a whole. For the pension replacement rate study, researchers conducted a more in-depth exploration, according to their different research needs to develop a different pension replacement rate concept. Based on previous studies scholars, for the relevant category of pension replacement rate to sort out, and for different categories of calculation method of the sort, in order to provide a reference for further study of the pension replacement rate. 展开更多
关键词 pension replacement rate CATEGORY ESTIMATES
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Research on the Evaluation System of National Standardization
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作者 Yang Feng Wang Jinyu 《China Standardization》 2010年第4期33-41,共9页
Standardization receives varied attention in different countries. Based on the Chinese national standardization status, this paper sets an evaluation system of national standardization on the principles of logic, comp... Standardization receives varied attention in different countries. Based on the Chinese national standardization status, this paper sets an evaluation system of national standardization on the principles of logic, comprehensiveness and operability, taking into account national standards and standardization activities. The evaluation system evaluates the national standardization development level through four aspects: standard development, standards implementation, standardization supporting measures, and participation in international standardization. This evaluation system provides a reasonable basis to evaluate the national standardization development level. The survey shows that if China wants to enhance its standardization development level, China needs to improve its standard development level, strengthen implication and application of standards, expand the standardization support measures and continuously improve the level of participation in international standardization. 展开更多
关键词 China STANDARDIZATION EVALUATION
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Hash Tree Based Trustworthiness Verification Mechanism in Virtual Environment
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作者 ZHU Shuaishuai HAN Yiliang +1 位作者 YANG Xiaoyuan WEI Yuechuan 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2016年第3期184-192,共9页
The trustworthiness of virtual machines is a big security issue in cloud computing. In this paper, we aimed at designing a practical trustworthiness mechanism in virtual environment. With the assist of a third certifi... The trustworthiness of virtual machines is a big security issue in cloud computing. In this paper, we aimed at designing a practical trustworthiness mechanism in virtual environment. With the assist of a third certificate agent, the cloud user generates a trust base and extends it to its VMs. For each service running on the VM, a hash value is generated from all the necessary modules, and these hash values are organized and maintained with a specially designed hash tree whose root is extended from the user's trust base. Before the VM loads a service, the hash tree is verified from the coordinated hash value to check the trustworthiness of the service. 展开更多
关键词 trustworthiness verification virtual environment hash tree virtual machine
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Inhibitory effects of amiodarone on simvastatin metabolism in human liver microsomes
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作者 Chao Wan Jiang wei Zhang Ning Zhu Ling Yang 《Journal of Geriatric Cardiology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第2期115-118,共4页
Objective To investigate the effects ofamiodarone (AMD) on simvastatin (SV) in human liver microsomes and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Time-, NADPH- and concentration-dependent inhibitions were test... Objective To investigate the effects ofamiodarone (AMD) on simvastatin (SV) in human liver microsomes and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Time-, NADPH- and concentration-dependent inhibitions were tested in HLM. The logarithm of relative inhibition values was plotted versus preincubation time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20min) for a series concentration of AMD used (0, 2, 5, 25, 50 umol/L), and the slopes determined by linear regression. These slope values represente the observed inactivation rate constants (kobs ). A double-reciprocal plot was then constructed using the reciprocal of the kobs (y-axis) and the reciprocal of the associated inhibitor concentration (x-axis) to estimate the values of kinact and K1, which were two principal kinetic constants that were specific for mechanism-based inhibition (MBI).drug-drug interactions (DDI) potential was predicted based on in vitro data and by using the in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Results The time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent characteristics confirmed that when SV was the substrate of CYP3A4, the inhibition of AMD to CYP3A4 is MBI. KI and kinact value were calculated to be 5.1umol/L and 0.018minL The CLant of SV was reduced 2.96-5.63 fold when it was administrated with AMD. Conclusion Based on the results, AMD would inhibit SV metabolism via the mechanism-based manner, which would lead to DDI when they are taken together. Careful clinical observation is recommended when AMD and SV have to be simultaneously prescribed. 展开更多
关键词 AMIODARONE SIMVASTATIN CYP3A4 drug-drug interaction mechanism-based inhibition
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The reproducible analysis of Sweden' s "nominal account number system" in China
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作者 Liping Jin Shiyan Luo Yanting Xu 《International English Education Research》 2015年第6期107-108,共2页
In view of the fact that has been troubling the empty individual account problem, many scholars advocate the endowment insurance system in China without the need for individual accounts, the Swedish name of account mo... In view of the fact that has been troubling the empty individual account problem, many scholars advocate the endowment insurance system in China without the need for individual accounts, the Swedish name of account model. Sweden's successful experience proved the superiority of this model: help to ease transition cost pressure, is conducive to the strengthening of labor participation motivation and inhibition of early retirement behavior, suitable for the current situation of the capital market, but the mountain in Sweden's unique system established background with China, coupled with the nominal account model, with its own defects and makes the model does not allow China to fully replicated. 展开更多
关键词 empty account problem nominal account system applicability.
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Research on New University Education Management Methods based on the Combination of Humanized and Institutionalized
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作者 Ming Yuemei 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2015年第9期99-101,共3页
In this paper, we conduct research on new university education management methods based on the combination of humanized and institutionalized. Modem university education management, system management and the organic i... In this paper, we conduct research on new university education management methods based on the combination of humanized and institutionalized. Modem university education management, system management and the organic integration of humanistic care is under the new period of development, university education management to sustainable development as the main direction of the management. System and manage all exist, man and man is the subject and purpose of system and management. The construction of system, arrangement and operation shall be at the center of the reality of human and highlight the cultural characteristics of follow the characteristic of the knowledge in the differentiation and specialization. 展开更多
关键词 Education Management University and College Humanized and Institutionalized.
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Controllable preparation of ultrathin 2D BiOBr crystals for high-performance ultraviolet photodetector 被引量:2
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作者 Pengfei Liu Lei Yin +6 位作者 Liping Feng Yu Sun Hanqing Sun Wenqi Xiong Congxin Xia Zhenxing Wang Zhengtang Liu 《Science China Materials》 SCIE EI CSCD 2021年第1期189-197,共9页
Ternary layered compound materials(bismuth oxyhalides and metal phosphorus trichalcogenides)stand out in electronic and optoelectronic fields due to their interesting physical properties.However,few studies focus on t... Ternary layered compound materials(bismuth oxyhalides and metal phosphorus trichalcogenides)stand out in electronic and optoelectronic fields due to their interesting physical properties.However,few studies focus on the preparation of high-quality two-dimensional(2D)BiOBr crystals with a typical layered structure,let alone their optoelectronic applications.Here,for the first time,high-quality 2D BiOBr crystals with ultrathin thicknesses(less than 10 nm)and large domain sizes(~100μm)were efficiently prepared via a modified space-confined chemical vapor deposition(SCCVD)method.It is demonstrated that a moderate amount of H2O molecules in the SCCVD system greatly promote the formation of high-quality 2D BiOBr crystals because of the strong polarity of H2O molecules.In addition,a linear relationship between the thickness of BiOBr nanosheets and Raman shift of A1g(1)mode was found.Corresponding theoretical calculations were carried out to verify the experimental data.Furthermore,the BiOBr-based photodetector was fabricated,exhibiting excellent performances with a responsivity of 12.4 A W-1 and a detectivity of 1.6×1013 Jones at 365 nm.This study paves the way for controllable preparation of high-quality 2D BiOBr crystals and implies intriguing opportunities of them in optoelectronic applications. 展开更多
关键词 2D BiOBr crystals SCCVD method H2O molecule interlayer interaction ultraviolet photodetector
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