数字时代教育的可持续开放:基于成本效益的视角

本文从成本效益的角度阐述数字时代教育的可持续开放。文章首先分析开放教育的必要性以及技术对于开放教育的重要性,接着分析教育技术创新的困境,提出机会、成本和质量是决定教育可持续开放的三个要素。长期以来,教育技术研究过分聚焦技术如何提高教育质量,常常忽视其他重要的问题。鉴于此,文章提出了一个数字教育可持续开放的研究议程,并重新思考数字时代教育开放的内涵,认为可持续开放是一个相对的概念。理想的教育开放应该包含一揽子解决方案,从借助高科技到使用低科技到不依赖任何技术手段的方案应有尽有,提供多种选择以适合经济社会多样性和差异性等因素。

地方工科高校校级大型仪器设备平台可持续开放共享的实践探索

国家对高等教育的持续投入,催生和促进了地方高校校级大型仪器设备平台的建设和发展。如何实现平台可持续发展,成为制约开放共享成效的关键。在硬件配置逐步完善的条件下,人员队伍和管理制度是实现平台可持续开放共享的关键要素。基于此,我校校级分析测试中心通过将上述理念贯穿于大型仪器设备平台的建设探索,获得了初步实践成效,以期为地方高校大型仪器设备平台的可持续开放共享提供有益借鉴。

Future China-Africa research collaboration in geoscience:Challenges and opportunities

At the 19th G20 Summit in Brazil in November 2024,China promoted the development of sustainable solutions to climate change,biodiversity loss,and environmental pollution.This continued the theme of the 2016 G20 Hangzhou Summit,at which China placed development at the center of the G20’s macroeconomic policy coordination for the first time,adopting the G20 Action Plan on the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the G20 Initiative on Supporting Industrialization in Africa and Least Developed Countries.In Brazil,China announced actions on advancing modernization in Africa over the next three years with a Chinese commitment of RMB360 billion yuan in financial support.In this article,we examine the potential role of geoscience research and practice in development,particularly in the sustainable use of natural resources,the prevention of climate change impacts,as well as mitigation of geo-hazards and their health implications,indicating the areas where China’s geoscience for Africa is strong and where it requires more effort.We find that although China is the world’s leading publisher of scientific papers,its contribution to geoscience in Africa(the globe’s fastest-growing economic area),as shown by bibliometric research,appears to be rather small and inconsistent with the research priorities of Africa.Amongst the priorities for geoscience research in Africa,which are not addressed substantially by the research conducted so far,are sustainable mineral and hydrocarbon development,hydrology and hydrogeology,climate change and resilience,natural hazards,medical geology,agrominerals,and geoscience education and training.A particular opportunity for African nations is the presence of critical minerals-minerals needed for the energy transition and for batteries for electric cars in particular.Africa is well-endowed with many of these critical materials,such as rare earth elements and platinum group metals.Several research groups stress the need for the agency on the part of African institutions to map out these valuable resources,understand their value and the economics and sustainability of their extraction,encourage local business,attract investment,and scrutinize proposals from potential international investors to get the best deals.A strong point of existing China-led geoscience development includes the Deep-time Digital Earth(DDE)program online computing platform and its artificial intelligence tool GeoGPT,which is being developed in partnership with Zhejiang Laboratory.These are being developed with strong China funding support for free and wide global access,with a particular focus on Africa.These advanced tools will help to place the agency of development squarely in the hands of African scientists and institutions.In summary,the following are recommended:(1)a more coordinated and strategic approach to China-led geoscience research in Africa;(2)an Africa-centered,geoscience funding initiative that concentrates on relevant topics to the continent such as critical minerals exploration and other geological resources,materials and processes and their health implications on the populations and ecosystems in general,as well as climate change and climate change resilience;and(3)continued support for China-led international initiatives that seek to increase the agency and capacity of Africa geoscience researchers,for example the Deep-time Digital Earth platform.

中国社会经济转型和可持续改革开放的新拐点

针对中国经济转型过程中存在着的“泛市场化”误区，本文认为中国的市场化改革面临四大战略转折：从数量建设为主转向侧重质量建设；从制度移植、引进和模仿型经济走向自主创新经济；从外向型及投资主导型增长转向以内需拉动和消费主导型增长；从“效率优先、兼顾公平”转向更多地注重和实现社会公平与正义。因此，深化经济体制改革、推动政府转型、注重结构优化、提高增长质量、改进利益分配、提高居民消费率是现阶段的首要政策目标。

中国社会经济转型和可持续改革开放的四大新拐点

中国社会经济转型过程的内在原动力是可持续的改革开放。现阶段的中国特色市场导向的改革面临四大历史拐点,即改革具体思路、具体路径、经济发展模式,以及社会结构和发展模式的调整或转型。

China’s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up,China's export trade has maintained a rapid growth;meanwhile,China's energy consumption has been increasing sharply. "High export and high energy consumption" has become the feature of China's trade and economic development.In this paper,based on the input-output analysis approach,the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors.The results show that,China is a big net exporter of embodied energy.Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%,the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years,and based on the input-output data of 2005,by 2030 China's net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production,which is obviously infeasible.As a country of very low per capita energy,China must change its export pattern,encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity,and promote structural change of energy-efficient exported products,so as to achieve the sustainable development.Accordingly,the authors put forward some suggestions.

Improving Open Spaces for a Sustainable City

The feasibility of city living with nature as a way to restore the balance between human uses and natural processes is the focus of this paper about the city of Maringa in Southern Brazil. This urban form, a planned new town founded in 1947 upon a previous, comprehensive British land-development scheme, originally offered a friendly interaction between urban settlement and nature. Hence, this paper outlines how open spaces can be enhanced as an ecological structure, bringing parks, squares, gardens and urban farming into a productive system, both for nature＇s and for people＇s sakes. Following a morphological study, the proposed ecological structure will maintain ecological processes within the urban grid and help to preserve historical and social values, by linking a wide variety of natural and restored ecosystems and landscape features. The adoption of this kind of ecological planning will certainly result in an increase of the urban landscape quality, changing actual planning paradigm and preventing the city from environmental quality decrease.

Redefining/Reconstructing the ＂In-between＂： An Urban Transformation Scenario for the Haydarpasa Harbour, Istanbul

Istanbul as a ＂third world＂ metropolis is a dynamic open system, where complex and multiple economical, social and physical conditions are overlapped. Still the city is a focus point of social （economical, cultural, and ethnical） and spatial dualisms and their genuine contradictions--polarizations particularly in the last 30 years. Istanbul＇s natural characteristics such as geographical conditions （slope topography and the physical relationship with the sea）, and also the artificial urban properties that include the historical architectural monuments, the industrial heritage, the contemporary urban transformation applications, the harbours and docklands as borderlines or in-between zones also identify this fragmented, hybrid, and divided urban structure. The Haydarpasa Harbour as an artificial urban borderline between the ruined and peak zones lJskudar and Kadikoy on the Asian side of the city is a kind of representative in-between area, an isolate city in city, which triggers the social and physical collage and ＂deconstructs＂ the development process of lstanbul＇s morphology. This paper aims to analyze these social and spatial aspects, which endure urban polarization in Istanbul. The underlying reasons of these contradictions and eventual outcome of the peak and the ruined zones in lstanbul and their border districts typologies will be analyzed. This paper will also make a compared evaluation of Haydarpasa Harbour （intersection point of two adjacent districts in Istanbul） and the completed urban design transformation projects/scenarios on the harbor area regarding the creation of a sustainable urban development for the city by enabling a new productive public space in-between [Jskudar （＂ruined＂ zone） and Kadikoy （＂peak＂ zone） in Istanbul.