Software reliability was estimated based on NHPP software reliability growth models. Testing reliability and operational reliability may be essentially different. On the basis of analyzing similarities and differences...Software reliability was estimated based on NHPP software reliability growth models. Testing reliability and operational reliability may be essentially different. On the basis of analyzing similarities and differences of the testing phase and the operational phase, using the concept of operational reliability and the testing reliability, different forms of the comparison between the operational failure ratio and the predicted testing failure ratio were conducted, and the mathematical discussion and analysis were performed in detail. Finally, software optimal release was studied using software failure data. The results show that two kinds of conclusions can be derived by applying this method, one conclusion is to continue testing to meet the required reliability level of users, and the other is that testing stops when the required operational reliability is met, thus the testing cost can be reduced.展开更多
A method was proposed to evaluate the real-time reliability for a single product based on damaged measurement degradation data.Most researches on degradation analysis often assumed that the measurement process did not...A method was proposed to evaluate the real-time reliability for a single product based on damaged measurement degradation data.Most researches on degradation analysis often assumed that the measurement process did not have any impact on the product's performance.However,in some cases,the measurement process may exert extra stress on products being measured.To obtain trustful results in such a situation,a new degradation model was derived.Then,by fusing the prior information of product and its own on-line degradation data,the real-time reliability was evaluated on the basis of Bayesian formula.To make the proposed method more practical,a procedure based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was presented to estimate the unknown parameters.Finally,the performance of the proposed method was illustrated by a simulation study.The results show that ignoring the influence of the damaged measurement process can lead to biased evaluation results,if the damaged measurement process is involved.展开更多
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy（SERS） is an intense ongoing hot topic because it is an attractive tool for sensing or detecting molecules in trace amounts. Despite its high specificity and sensitivity, the SERS ...Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy（SERS） is an intense ongoing hot topic because it is an attractive tool for sensing or detecting molecules in trace amounts. Despite its high specificity and sensitivity, the SERS technique has not been established as a routine analytic method most likely due to the low reproducibility of the SERS signal. This review considers the influence factors to produce the poor reproducibility during the SERS measurement. This review starts with the discussion of calculation of surface-enhanced Raman intensity in order to explain the reason why it is so difficult to achieve a high reproducibility of SERS measurement from the origin of enhancement mechanism. Then we focus on the fabrication of SERS substrates generally including two types：① single particles and ② arrays on substrate that are directly used to detect molecules or other components.In addition, we discuss the molecule factors and optical system for the reproducibility for sample-to-sample or spot-to-spot on a substrate. In the final part of this review, some effects resulting in the irreproducibility of Raman bands＇ position from recent literatures are discussed.展开更多
In this paper,we study the quasi-stationarity and quasi-ergodicity of general Markov processes.We show,among other things,that if X is a standard Markov process admitting a dual with respect to a finite measure m and ...In this paper,we study the quasi-stationarity and quasi-ergodicity of general Markov processes.We show,among other things,that if X is a standard Markov process admitting a dual with respect to a finite measure m and if X admits a strictly positive continuous transition density p(t,x,y)(with respect to m)which is bounded in(x,y)for every t>0,then X has a unique quasi-stationary distribution and a unique quasi-ergodic distribution.We also present several classes of Markov processes satisfying the above conditions.展开更多
The author studies the h-transforms of symmetric Markov processes and corresponding Dirichlet spaces, and also discusses the drift transformation of Fukushima and Takeda’s type[2] and improves their result by a diffe...The author studies the h-transforms of symmetric Markov processes and corresponding Dirichlet spaces, and also discusses the drift transformation of Fukushima and Takeda’s type[2] and improves their result by a different approach.展开更多
Chlorophyll α and β-carotene play an important role in harvesting light energy, which is used to drive photosynthesis in plants. In this study, terahertz(THz) and visible range spectra of chlorophyll α and β-carot...Chlorophyll α and β-carotene play an important role in harvesting light energy, which is used to drive photosynthesis in plants. In this study, terahertz(THz) and visible range spectra of chlorophyll α and β-carotene and their changes under light treatment were investigated. The results show that the all THz transmission and absorption spectra of chlorophyll α and β-carotene changed upon light treatment, with the maximum changes at 15 min of illumination indicating the greatest changes of the collective vibrational mode of chlorophyll α and β-carotene. The absorption spectra of chlorophyll α in the visible light region decreased upon light treatment, signifying the degradation of chlorophyll a molecules. It can be inferred from these results that the THz spectra are very sensitive in monitoring the changes of the collective vibrational mode, despite the absence of changes in molecular configuration. The THz spectra can therefore be used to monitor the decomposing process of biological macromolecules; however, visible absorption spectra can only be used to monitor the breakdown extent of biological macromolecules.展开更多
基金the PhD Programs Foundation for Young Researchers of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.20070217051)Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.90718003)
文摘Software reliability was estimated based on NHPP software reliability growth models. Testing reliability and operational reliability may be essentially different. On the basis of analyzing similarities and differences of the testing phase and the operational phase, using the concept of operational reliability and the testing reliability, different forms of the comparison between the operational failure ratio and the predicted testing failure ratio were conducted, and the mathematical discussion and analysis were performed in detail. Finally, software optimal release was studied using software failure data. The results show that two kinds of conclusions can be derived by applying this method, one conclusion is to continue testing to meet the required reliability level of users, and the other is that testing stops when the required operational reliability is met, thus the testing cost can be reduced.
基金Project(60904002)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A method was proposed to evaluate the real-time reliability for a single product based on damaged measurement degradation data.Most researches on degradation analysis often assumed that the measurement process did not have any impact on the product's performance.However,in some cases,the measurement process may exert extra stress on products being measured.To obtain trustful results in such a situation,a new degradation model was derived.Then,by fusing the prior information of product and its own on-line degradation data,the real-time reliability was evaluated on the basis of Bayesian formula.To make the proposed method more practical,a procedure based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was presented to estimate the unknown parameters.Finally,the performance of the proposed method was illustrated by a simulation study.The results show that ignoring the influence of the damaged measurement process can lead to biased evaluation results,if the damaged measurement process is involved.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21375087)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.13ZR1422100)
文摘Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy（SERS） is an intense ongoing hot topic because it is an attractive tool for sensing or detecting molecules in trace amounts. Despite its high specificity and sensitivity, the SERS technique has not been established as a routine analytic method most likely due to the low reproducibility of the SERS signal. This review considers the influence factors to produce the poor reproducibility during the SERS measurement. This review starts with the discussion of calculation of surface-enhanced Raman intensity in order to explain the reason why it is so difficult to achieve a high reproducibility of SERS measurement from the origin of enhancement mechanism. Then we focus on the fabrication of SERS substrates generally including two types：① single particles and ② arrays on substrate that are directly used to detect molecules or other components.In addition, we discuss the molecule factors and optical system for the reproducibility for sample-to-sample or spot-to-spot on a substrate. In the final part of this review, some effects resulting in the irreproducibility of Raman bands＇ position from recent literatures are discussed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(GrantNo.11171010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.1112001)
文摘In this paper,we study the quasi-stationarity and quasi-ergodicity of general Markov processes.We show,among other things,that if X is a standard Markov process admitting a dual with respect to a finite measure m and if X admits a strictly positive continuous transition density p(t,x,y)(with respect to m)which is bounded in(x,y)for every t>0,then X has a unique quasi-stationary distribution and a unique quasi-ergodic distribution.We also present several classes of Markov processes satisfying the above conditions.
文摘The author studies the h-transforms of symmetric Markov processes and corresponding Dirichlet spaces, and also discusses the drift transformation of Fukushima and Takeda’s type[2] and improves their result by a different approach.
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2012CM020)the National Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (201410452012)
文摘Chlorophyll α and β-carotene play an important role in harvesting light energy, which is used to drive photosynthesis in plants. In this study, terahertz(THz) and visible range spectra of chlorophyll α and β-carotene and their changes under light treatment were investigated. The results show that the all THz transmission and absorption spectra of chlorophyll α and β-carotene changed upon light treatment, with the maximum changes at 15 min of illumination indicating the greatest changes of the collective vibrational mode of chlorophyll α and β-carotene. The absorption spectra of chlorophyll α in the visible light region decreased upon light treatment, signifying the degradation of chlorophyll a molecules. It can be inferred from these results that the THz spectra are very sensitive in monitoring the changes of the collective vibrational mode, despite the absence of changes in molecular configuration. The THz spectra can therefore be used to monitor the decomposing process of biological macromolecules; however, visible absorption spectra can only be used to monitor the breakdown extent of biological macromolecules.
