不同种源地蒙古莸可溶蛋白含量与环境因子相关分析

蒙古莸因含有丰富的可溶蛋白,可以作为蛋白类饲料。本文采用考马斯亮蓝法测定了15个种源蒙古莸可溶蛋白的含量,为今后更好地利用蒙古莸提供依据。结果表明,第一,蒙古莸可溶蛋白含量从多到少种源地依次为靖边、大青山、呼伦贝尔、宁夏贺兰山、蛮汉山、萨拉齐、刘家店、鄂尔多斯布拉沟、乌海、鄂托克、西苏旗扁桃基地、锡盟东苏旗、阿拉善、二连浩特;第二,对蒙古莸可溶蛋白含量进行聚类分析,可以将15个种源大致分为三类,其中以二连浩特、阿拉善为一类,以靖边、大青山、呼伦贝尔、宁夏贺兰山、蛮汉山为一类,以萨拉齐、刘家店、鄂尔多斯布拉沟、乌海、鄂托克、西苏旗扁桃基地、锡盟东苏旗为一类;第三,研究蒙古莸可溶蛋白含量与年均温、降水量、无霜期的关系,回归方程相关系数分别为0.270、0.831、0.097,皮尔逊相关系数分别为0.873、0.341、0.205,表明降水量与蒙古莸可溶蛋白含量相关性最大,而年均温、无霜期对其影响较小。

两株高效降解玉米蛋白粉益生菌的发酵特性研究

通过固体筛培法从豆酱样品筛选到两株高效降解玉米蛋白粉的菌株Bacillus subtilis HDJ1和Bacillus velezensis HDJ2。单因素发酵实验表明,菌株HDJ1液态发酵玉米蛋白粉的最佳条件为:发酵温度40℃,pH 8,接种量6%,底物浓度8%,转速200 r/min,加液体积40 mL,发酵时间72 h;菌株HDJ2液态发酵玉米蛋白粉的最优条件为:发酵温度40℃,pH 6,接种量9%,底物浓度8%,转速150 r/min,加液体积120 mL,发酵时间72 h;HDJ1和HDJ2等量组合后发酵玉米蛋白粉的最佳条件为:发酵温度30℃,发酵pH 8,接种量6%,底物浓度8%,转速250 r/min,加液体积40 mL,发酵时间96 h。正交实验结果显示:HDJ1、HDJ2、HDJ1和HDJ2等量组合在发酵温度30℃,发酵pH 8,接种量3%,底物浓度8%,转速200 r/min,发酵时间96 h条件下发酵液可溶蛋白含量最高,其发酵液冷冻干燥浓缩样品的蛋白酶活、可溶蛋白含量、DPPH清除率等显著提高,且两益生菌菌株组合后的发酵效果优于单株菌。

Effect of Polyamine Priming on Chilling Tolerance of Lolium perenne during Seed Imbibition

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of potyamine priming on physiological and biochemical variations of Lolium perenne embryos and seed germination. [Method] With annual Lolium perenne （Diamond T and Grazing-8000） as experimental materials, after priming with 0.5 mmol/L putrescine （Put）, spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spm） for 24 h and chilling imbibition at 5 ℃ for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the effect of Put, Spd and Spm priming on chilling tolerance and germination ability of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition was investigated. [Result] Put, Spd and Spm priming improved the activities of peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and content of soluble protein content under low temperature stress, significantly in-creased the germination rate, and shortened the average germination duration. After chilling imbibition for 48 h, compared with the control, the average germination rate of annual Lolium perenne seeds was improved by 15.5% and 12.0% after Put, Spd and Spm priming, and the average germination duration was shortened by 1.21 and 1.14 d. During seed imbibition, the chilling tolerance of Grazing-8000 was stronger than that of Diamond T. Overall, Put, Spd and Spm treatment could increase the chilling tolerance of annual Lolium perenne seeds during imbibition, and improve the germination ability of seeds under low temperature stress. [Conclusion] Results of this study provided theoretical basis for the application of seed priming technology in the production of annual ryegrass.

Effect of Two Herbicides on the Growth of Early Seedlings of Rye(Secale cereale)

[Objective]The aim was to study the effect of herbicide on the growth of early seedlings of rye（Secale cereale）.[Method]Effect of two kinds of herbicide（Atrazine and APM）on seedling growth of rye was investigated at the physiological,biochemical and cellular level.[Result]The Atrazin significantly decreased the contents of chlorophyll a,b and soluble proteins.Rye seeds were treated with 0.01-1 mg/L Atrazine for 16 h,the contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased from 1.26（a）,0.49（b）mg/g FW（control）to 1.15（a）,0.46（b）mg/g FW（0.1 mg/L）and 0.81（a）,0.33（b）mg/g FW（1.0 mg/L）.The content of soluble protein decreased with the increasing concentration of Atrazin.Atrazin had no significant influence on the cell division and chromosome structure variation.The contents of chlorophyll a,b and soluble proteins had no significantly change under the treatment of APM,but the number of chromosome structure variation such as chromosome bridge,multipolar division cells,lagging chromosome and unequal division cells increased significantly.[Conclusion]The critical concentration of Atrazine was 0.1-1.0 mg/L and 4 mg/L of APM in rye.

Oxidative stress responses of submerged macrophyte Vallisneria asiatica to different concentrations of cyanobacteria

In a 10-day aquarium experiment, this investigation examines macrophyte restoration in eutrophic Lake Taihu, the physiological effects of different plant biomass levels and of increasing natural cyanobacterial concentrations on a submerged macrophyte, Vallisneria asiatica. Cyanobacterial stress suppressed the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity of the plant＇s leaves and induced the catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） activities of its roots. The soluble protein content in V. asiatica decreased with an increase in natural cyanobacterial concentrations, whereas the malonaldehyde （MDA） increased significantly at chlorophyll a （Chl a） concentrations of 222 and 262 μg/L in water. V. asiatica adapted to the stress caused by cyanobacterial concentrations by adjusting its antioxidant defense system to remove the excessive reactive oxygen species when the algal Chl a concentration was 〉109 μg/L. Additionally, high biomass of V. asiatica （2 222 g FW/m^2） can inhibit the reproduction of cyanobacteria more significantly than low biomass （1 111 g FW/m^2）. High biomass of V. asiatica increased the oxidative stress in an individual plant when the initial Chl a concentration in the water reached 222 and 262 μg/L, as expressed by the increased MDA in leaves, compared with low biomass of K asiatica. This provides a basis for controlling cyanobacterial concentrations and V. asiatica biomass for the recovery of V. asiatica in eutrophic Lake Taihu.

Alterations of Antioxidative Enzymes Activities and Induction of Lipid Peroxidation in Germinating Wheat Seeds Subjected to Cadmium Stress

Germinating wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） seeds were exposed to CdCI2 （50, 100 and 200 μM） for 48 h and some aspects of oxidative metabolism was assessed in the embryonic tissues. The germination percentage and the soluble protein content of the embryonic tissues were found to decrease with increasing of Cd concentration. There was elevation in superoxide dismutase （SOD） and decline in catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POX） activities. The increasing of lipid peroxidation levels indicated the prevalence of oxidative stress in the tissues which was probably due to the alteration of antioxidative enzymes activities. The adding of ascorbate, along with CdCl2, has resulted in restoration of the Cd induced decline in CAT activity. Weakening in H2O2 detoxification system seems to be the principal reason behind Cd induced oxidative stress in germinating seeds. Thus, imposition of oxidative stress might be the consequence of cadmium stress and this finding may help in elucidating the mechanisms underlying cadmium mediated toxicity in germinating seeds.

Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Protein Content of Toona Sinensis Seedlings and Expression of Specific Protein

[Objective] The paper was to study the changes of protein content and component in leaves of Toona Sinensis under low-temperature stress.[Method] Potted experiment was adopted,and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was also used to analyze the dynamic changes of protein in T.Sinensis leaves.[Result] Low temperature stress could change the content and component in leaves of T.Sinensis,but different provenances had different performance under different temperatures,so did the same provenance under different stress periods.SDS-PAGE electrophoresis results indicated that the change law of provenances of Xixia of Henan and Nanjing of Jiangsu with stronger cold resistance was similar,showing the change trend of "increase-decrease-increase".Protein was greatly expressed after stress for 1 d,the color of band became darker;the content gradually decreased in the following second and third day,and the color of bands was lighter;the content began to increase at the forth day.Two provenances induced the specific proteins with molecular weights of 27.6 and 22.5 kD,respectively.The soluble protein content of provenance of Xiapu of Fujian with relatively weak cold resistance was gradually increased,but no new protein bands were induced.The changes of protein band color of various provenances in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was basically consistent with the changes of protein content,the provenance with stronger cold resistance could induce the production of specific proteins.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for under the molecular mechanism of plant cold resistance,which had great significance in theory and practice.

Growth and Quality of Chinese Kale Grown Under Different LEDs

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of light quality on growth and quality of Chinese kale(Brassica alboglabra Bailey). [Method]Chinese kale was grown in hydroponic under three different Light Emitting Diode(LEDs) conditions [red∶blue=8∶1(8R1B), red∶blue=6∶3(6R3B) and red∶green∶blue=6∶2∶1(6R2G1B), 12 h light, 50 μmol/(m2·s)]. Then its growth and quality indices including root and shoot fresh weight and dry weight, concentrations of soluble protein, vitamin C, nitrate, soluble phenols, flavonoids, soluble sugar, free amino acids, and activity of nitrate reductase were measured. [Result] There was no significant difference in plant height, diameter of flower stalk and leaf number among three LED treatments. The fresh weight of shoot, root and plant in 8R1 B and 6R2G1 B was significantly higher than in 6R3 B. The dry weight of shoot and plant in 8R1 B was significantly higher than in 6R3 B. The concentrations of vitamin C, soluble protein and soluble sugar in flower stalk of 6R3 B treatment were significantly higher than those in 8R1 B and 6R2G1 B, while there was no remarkable difference in concentrations of reducing sugar, soluble phenol, flavonoids and free amino acid among the three treatments. The nitrate concentration in flower stalk of 6R3 B was significantly lower than in the other two treatments, and the activity of nitrate reductase in6R3 B was significantly higher than in the other two treatments. [Conclusion] The LED treatment of red:blue=6:3 was more suitable for the growth of Chinese kale.

Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Some Physiological Parameters in Psyllium （Plantago ovata F.） under Salinity Stress

The effects of three nitrogen sources （ammonium, nitrate and ammonium＋nitrate） and three salt treatments （0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl） on nitrate reductase activity, proline, soluble protein and carbohydrate contents in psylliom （Plantago ovata） plants were Studied. The nitrate reductase activity tended to increase when NO3- was included in the root-zone solution, but decrease as salinity increased. All N sources stimulated plant growth and nutrient uptake. Shoot and root dry matter tended to decrease as salinity increased, but less so when both NH4＋ and NO3- were present. Shoot biomass accumulated to significantly greater quantities under the mixed-N treatments than when produced using either NH4＋ or NO3- N-form alone. Although not statistically significant, the root biomasses showed a similar tendency. Generally, leaf proline and soluble shoot carbohydrate contents increased with increasing salinity in contrast to soluble protein which decreased regardless of the N source. Under salinity conditions, the concentration of Na＋ in shoot and root tissues was highest in ammonium-N treatment, while that of K＋ was highest in the mixed-N treatment.

Growth, Cadmium Accumulation and Physiology of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) as Affected by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）, including Glomus intraradices, Glomus constrictum and Glomus mosseae, on the growth, root colonization and Cd accumulation of marigold （Tagetes erecta L.） at Cd addition levels of 0, 5 and 50 mg kg-1 in soil. The physiological characteristics, such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity, of Tagetes erecta L. were also investigated. The symbiotic relationship between the marigold plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was well established under Cd stress. The symbiotic relationship was reflected by the better physiobiochemical parameters of the marigold plants inoculated with the three AMF isolates where the colonization rates in the roots were between 34.3% and 88.8%. Compared with the non-inoculated marigold plants, the shoot and root biomass of the inoculated marigold plants increased by 15.2%- 47.5% and 47.8%-130.1%, respectively, and the Cd concentration and accumulation decreased. The chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents in the mycorrhizal marigold plants increased with Cd addition, indicating that AMF inoculation helped the marigold plants to grow by resisting Cd stress. The antioxidant enzymes reacted differently with the three AMF under Cd stress. For plants inoculated with G. constrictum and G. mosseae, the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased with increasing Cd addition, but peroxidase （POD） activity decreased with increasing Cd addition. For plants inoculated with G. intraradices, three of the antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased at high levels of Cd addition. Overall, the activities of the three antioxidant enzymes in the plants inoculated with AMF were higher than those of the plants without AMF inoculation under Cd stress. Our results support the view that antioxidant enzymes have a great influence on the biomass of plants, and AMF can improve the capability of reactive oxygen species （ROS） scavenging and reduce Cd concentration in plants to alleviate Tagetes erecta L. from Cd stress.