This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternati...This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.展开更多
Fossil fuels are non-renewable, and their quantities have been reducing because of pumping. On the other hand, the traffic is still developing and needs for fuels are growing. As a consequence people are forced to loo...Fossil fuels are non-renewable, and their quantities have been reducing because of pumping. On the other hand, the traffic is still developing and needs for fuels are growing. As a consequence people are forced to look for other sources of getting fuel. Additional reason for this has been steadily boosting the prices of crude oil and gas. Diesel, as fuel that is often used, is possible to produce from different feedstock （oil rape, soybean, sunflower, palm, waste animal fats, algae, etc）. In this paper, the author analyzes the possibility of obtaining biodiesel from algae and the feasibility of such a method of producing biodiesel. Algae for biodiesel production are analyzed and the systems in which they are growing are described. Experience in this area is described as well as opportunities for further development of technology for getting biodiesel from algae. Algae are very resistant and can grow virtually anywhere in the desert, in salt and fresh water and even in the waste water. Algae can reproduce quickly; they use C02 for photosynthesis and less water than other crops. Bio fuel from algae is biodegradable and contains no sulphur and it is not toxic.展开更多
The AFO （activating private forest owners to increase forest fuel supply） project was set up to discover the best tools for activating an important fraction of the 12 million PFOs （private forest owners） in Europe...The AFO （activating private forest owners to increase forest fuel supply） project was set up to discover the best tools for activating an important fraction of the 12 million PFOs （private forest owners） in Europe to supply wood fuel, especially to small and medium-sized heating plants. It aimed to increase the utilization of Europe＇s vast forest fuel reserves. This was expected to benefit both the economy of the forest owners and rural areas and increase the use of renewable energy sources. The project was carried out between 2009 and 2012. The project operated in selected target regions that have a high proportion of private forest ownership （France, Slovenia, Latvia and the UK）. It started by analyzing the potential wood fuel supply and use in relation to current regional markets. After assessing through inquiries the potential wood fuel supply and demand and the parties involved, the next step was to initiate and support the formation of wood fuel supply clusters and organize supply chains. This was followed by the dissemination of best practice examples from Austria and Finland--countries with the most expertise and long traditions of forest fuel production. In the last phase of the project, results and approved activation methods were disseminated to all 27 EU （European Union） countries.展开更多
To use the renewable fuels for marine field is still very limited due to the need of newly developed technology, highly requested safety （for gas fuel） and high price of biodiesel. Therefore, with some advantages, s...To use the renewable fuels for marine field is still very limited due to the need of newly developed technology, highly requested safety （for gas fuel） and high price of biodiesel. Therefore, with some advantages, such as： simple producing process, reasonable price and simple modification technology needed, the blended SVO （straight vegetable oil） is recommended as suitable fuel for the marine application. Even though, there are some disadvantages of the blended SVO, such as a weak stability, layer separation in low temperature and some others. In order to apply the blended SVO as alternative fuel for marine diesel engines without the mentioned disadvantages, the paper will introduce a method to design and produce a fuel continuous mixer to make a blended SVO （palm oil）.展开更多
Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy s...Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by addressing environmental issues. It is an absolute necessity in South Africa to utilise sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, but the production of bio-ethanol will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. Because of the proposed bio-ethanol plant at Bothaville this paper will firstly develop a methodology suitable for South African conditions in order to establish whether agricultural crops could be used for the production of biofuels. Secondly, it probes the suitability of maize as a biofuel crop in this country by investigating four possible bio-ethanol potential scenarios which are qualitatively formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of this study. Only in the best-case scenario could maize produce the required volumes as set out by the South African government for 2013.展开更多
Producing of renewable energy--as well in world as in national context--was necessitated by the synergistic effect of the climate change and the long term, continuous price rise of the fossil energy carriers. Main rea...Producing of renewable energy--as well in world as in national context--was necessitated by the synergistic effect of the climate change and the long term, continuous price rise of the fossil energy carriers. Main reasons for the spread of renewable energy sources are to increase the security of the energy supply or in optimal case, to realize the total energy independence. Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrate that production and also utilization of biofuels--including the organic waste-based fuels--are environmentally sustainable and have positive impact for the security of energy supply. This paper deals with production of biogas （from agricultural organic wastes） for energy. The production of biogas and the other biofuels will help you find the balance in agriculture because they can be generated from biomass, agricultural wastes and non-food plant material. In addition to the objective of saving emissions, EU biofuels policy aims to ensure the necessary energy and to decrease unemployment. So this paper would like to contribute to the EU requirements through the research. The producing system can be expansible by utilization of other organic material, so it is supported the efficient operation.展开更多
The importance of energy has been rooted in every aspect of human life. If we have no access to electricity and depend on traditional biomass fuels to meet household energy demands, it will mean we cannot enjoy the mo...The importance of energy has been rooted in every aspect of human life. If we have no access to electricity and depend on traditional biomass fuels to meet household energy demands, it will mean we cannot enjoy the modern energy service. With the deepening international understanding of the issue, many countries have been promoting the practice of eliminating energy poverty, and the "universal access to affordable, clean and sustainable energy" has become one of the post 2015 UN development goals.展开更多
US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The mai...US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The main be a fuel and （ii） to be produced from renewable biomass. This paper addresses the challenges faced by biomass derived fuels on meeting the specifications of those fuels （gasoline, diesel and heating oil）. Biomass-derived products contain oxygenates, some of which might enhance certain fuel specifications, but some others may have deteriorating effects. On directly derived from biomass pyrolysis have been demonstrated to the basis of available data published in the literature, the fuels be far from the concept of ＂substantially similar＂ transportation fuels. Upgrading is required to convert pyrolysis products into fuels that meet specifications. The economical viability of upgrading still faces confirmation, and imposes several technical challenges for truly attractive cost-effective approaches.展开更多
Biofuels are indeed clean, green, renewable and sustainable, which have a great effect on alleviating social energy crisis as they can be extracted from various kinds of biomass. According to the crucial enzymes invol...Biofuels are indeed clean, green, renewable and sustainable, which have a great effect on alleviating social energy crisis as they can be extracted from various kinds of biomass. According to the crucial enzymes involved in the synthesis of sucrose, starch and lipid, various combinations of crucial enzymes were used to retrieval in NCBI （the National Center for Biotechnology Information） database to screen out species with high similarities. Moreover, comprehensive evaluation formulas were designed to excavate potential biofuel plants, which considered several parameters including the homology index, availability rate, distribution area in China, price index and function index. Finally, tens of superior plant species, for example, Panicum virgatum, Zeal luxuriant and Brassica napus, are suggested to be the potentials in future biofuels productions. These plants have the characteristics of wide distribution, high yield, and low cost in production, and they are useful for environmental protection as well as sources of non-crop biomass fuels in China. The results provide a theoretical basis for further study and exploitation of biofuels.展开更多
Solar and biomass are both renewable energy resources.Using biomass as fuel is becoming more and more attractive after governments increase the tariff for the electricity from the renewable sources.However the costs o...Solar and biomass are both renewable energy resources.Using biomass as fuel is becoming more and more attractive after governments increase the tariff for the electricity from the renewable sources.However the costs of power from a biomass power generation plant depend greatly on the availability and quality of the biomass resource.The commercialization of solar alone thermal power generation is hindered by its high initial investment and low thermal efficiency.In this paper,a concept of integrating solar into a biomass power generation system is put forward.In the system the oil heated by a parabolic trough solar field is used to replace the extraction steam to preheat the feed water(entering a biomass boiler) and the previous extraction steam thus saved can continue to do work in the lower stages of turbine.The performance of the hybrid system with different replacements is analyzed and compared through two typical solar aided biomass generating units.The results show that the integration not only reduces the consumption of biomass fuel(at the same generation capacity) but is also proved to be an efficient way to convert solar thermal energy into power.The results also show that with the same solar aperture area,the higher the grade of the replaced extraction steam,the better the thermal performance and economy.展开更多
文摘This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.
文摘Fossil fuels are non-renewable, and their quantities have been reducing because of pumping. On the other hand, the traffic is still developing and needs for fuels are growing. As a consequence people are forced to look for other sources of getting fuel. Additional reason for this has been steadily boosting the prices of crude oil and gas. Diesel, as fuel that is often used, is possible to produce from different feedstock （oil rape, soybean, sunflower, palm, waste animal fats, algae, etc）. In this paper, the author analyzes the possibility of obtaining biodiesel from algae and the feasibility of such a method of producing biodiesel. Algae for biodiesel production are analyzed and the systems in which they are growing are described. Experience in this area is described as well as opportunities for further development of technology for getting biodiesel from algae. Algae are very resistant and can grow virtually anywhere in the desert, in salt and fresh water and even in the waste water. Algae can reproduce quickly; they use C02 for photosynthesis and less water than other crops. Bio fuel from algae is biodegradable and contains no sulphur and it is not toxic.
文摘The AFO （activating private forest owners to increase forest fuel supply） project was set up to discover the best tools for activating an important fraction of the 12 million PFOs （private forest owners） in Europe to supply wood fuel, especially to small and medium-sized heating plants. It aimed to increase the utilization of Europe＇s vast forest fuel reserves. This was expected to benefit both the economy of the forest owners and rural areas and increase the use of renewable energy sources. The project was carried out between 2009 and 2012. The project operated in selected target regions that have a high proportion of private forest ownership （France, Slovenia, Latvia and the UK）. It started by analyzing the potential wood fuel supply and use in relation to current regional markets. After assessing through inquiries the potential wood fuel supply and demand and the parties involved, the next step was to initiate and support the formation of wood fuel supply clusters and organize supply chains. This was followed by the dissemination of best practice examples from Austria and Finland--countries with the most expertise and long traditions of forest fuel production. In the last phase of the project, results and approved activation methods were disseminated to all 27 EU （European Union） countries.
文摘To use the renewable fuels for marine field is still very limited due to the need of newly developed technology, highly requested safety （for gas fuel） and high price of biodiesel. Therefore, with some advantages, such as： simple producing process, reasonable price and simple modification technology needed, the blended SVO （straight vegetable oil） is recommended as suitable fuel for the marine application. Even though, there are some disadvantages of the blended SVO, such as a weak stability, layer separation in low temperature and some others. In order to apply the blended SVO as alternative fuel for marine diesel engines without the mentioned disadvantages, the paper will introduce a method to design and produce a fuel continuous mixer to make a blended SVO （palm oil）.
文摘Biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by addressing environmental issues. It is an absolute necessity in South Africa to utilise sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, but the production of bio-ethanol will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. Because of the proposed bio-ethanol plant at Bothaville this paper will firstly develop a methodology suitable for South African conditions in order to establish whether agricultural crops could be used for the production of biofuels. Secondly, it probes the suitability of maize as a biofuel crop in this country by investigating four possible bio-ethanol potential scenarios which are qualitatively formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of this study. Only in the best-case scenario could maize produce the required volumes as set out by the South African government for 2013.
文摘Producing of renewable energy--as well in world as in national context--was necessitated by the synergistic effect of the climate change and the long term, continuous price rise of the fossil energy carriers. Main reasons for the spread of renewable energy sources are to increase the security of the energy supply or in optimal case, to realize the total energy independence. Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrate that production and also utilization of biofuels--including the organic waste-based fuels--are environmentally sustainable and have positive impact for the security of energy supply. This paper deals with production of biogas （from agricultural organic wastes） for energy. The production of biogas and the other biofuels will help you find the balance in agriculture because they can be generated from biomass, agricultural wastes and non-food plant material. In addition to the objective of saving emissions, EU biofuels policy aims to ensure the necessary energy and to decrease unemployment. So this paper would like to contribute to the EU requirements through the research. The producing system can be expansible by utilization of other organic material, so it is supported the efficient operation.
文摘The importance of energy has been rooted in every aspect of human life. If we have no access to electricity and depend on traditional biomass fuels to meet household energy demands, it will mean we cannot enjoy the modern energy service. With the deepening international understanding of the issue, many countries have been promoting the practice of eliminating energy poverty, and the "universal access to affordable, clean and sustainable energy" has become one of the post 2015 UN development goals.
文摘US EPA recently issued the final definition for a renewable fuel establishes rule for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard RFS the compliance for each part of its name： （i） to II （Renewable Fuel Standard）. The main be a fuel and （ii） to be produced from renewable biomass. This paper addresses the challenges faced by biomass derived fuels on meeting the specifications of those fuels （gasoline, diesel and heating oil）. Biomass-derived products contain oxygenates, some of which might enhance certain fuel specifications, but some others may have deteriorating effects. On directly derived from biomass pyrolysis have been demonstrated to the basis of available data published in the literature, the fuels be far from the concept of ＂substantially similar＂ transportation fuels. Upgrading is required to convert pyrolysis products into fuels that meet specifications. The economical viability of upgrading still faces confirmation, and imposes several technical challenges for truly attractive cost-effective approaches.
基金Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 91130009）. The study sponsors had no influence in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, the writing of the paper and the decision to submit this work for publication.
文摘Biofuels are indeed clean, green, renewable and sustainable, which have a great effect on alleviating social energy crisis as they can be extracted from various kinds of biomass. According to the crucial enzymes involved in the synthesis of sucrose, starch and lipid, various combinations of crucial enzymes were used to retrieval in NCBI （the National Center for Biotechnology Information） database to screen out species with high similarities. Moreover, comprehensive evaluation formulas were designed to excavate potential biofuel plants, which considered several parameters including the homology index, availability rate, distribution area in China, price index and function index. Finally, tens of superior plant species, for example, Panicum virgatum, Zeal luxuriant and Brassica napus, are suggested to be the potentials in future biofuels productions. These plants have the characteristics of wide distribution, high yield, and low cost in production, and they are useful for environmental protection as well as sources of non-crop biomass fuels in China. The results provide a theoretical basis for further study and exploitation of biofuels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 51025624, 51006033)the National Basic Research Program of China ("973" Program) (Grant No 2009CB219801)Foundation of North China Electric Power University
文摘Solar and biomass are both renewable energy resources.Using biomass as fuel is becoming more and more attractive after governments increase the tariff for the electricity from the renewable sources.However the costs of power from a biomass power generation plant depend greatly on the availability and quality of the biomass resource.The commercialization of solar alone thermal power generation is hindered by its high initial investment and low thermal efficiency.In this paper,a concept of integrating solar into a biomass power generation system is put forward.In the system the oil heated by a parabolic trough solar field is used to replace the extraction steam to preheat the feed water(entering a biomass boiler) and the previous extraction steam thus saved can continue to do work in the lower stages of turbine.The performance of the hybrid system with different replacements is analyzed and compared through two typical solar aided biomass generating units.The results show that the integration not only reduces the consumption of biomass fuel(at the same generation capacity) but is also proved to be an efficient way to convert solar thermal energy into power.The results also show that with the same solar aperture area,the higher the grade of the replaced extraction steam,the better the thermal performance and economy.
