行政义务继受理论的逻辑证成

行政法律关系中义务主体变动,产生原义务人应承担的行政义务,是否可能由第三人继受以及如何继受的问题。我国行政法规范虽然存在有关行政义务继受的程序规定,但缺乏明确行政义务继受构成要件的实体规定。司法实践中亦面临因义务主体死亡或终止后,其行政义务如何履行的疑问。“主体非同一性”和“义务同一性”是行政义务继受的必要概念要件,当满足存在具有可继受性的具体行政义务、继受原因的发生以及继受法律基础等三个条件后,继受行政法律关系产生,原义务人的行政义务由第三人继受。但通常情形下确定原义务人行政义务的行政决定对继受人不具有执行力,行政机关应当基于原行政决定的公定力,以继受人为相对人作出新的行政决定,从而确定继受人的继受义务范围。

Discussion on dynamic reliability tolerance design technology of electromagnetic relay

Reliability tolerance design of electromagnetic relay during its design period plays an essential role in guaranteeing the consistencies of reliability and output characteristic. The reliability tolerance design can ensure that the products would work well under the influence of disturbing factors (including internal interference, external interference, and machining dispersion). Com- pared with static characteristic, dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay can describe its operating process better. This article researches influence of the three kinds of disturbing factors on the dynamic characteristic of electromagnetic relay based on calculating dynamic characteristic. Then, the dynamic reliability tolerance design method of electromagnetic relay is discussed considering three kinds of disturbing factors. Conclusions reached can help to assure the reliability of electromagnetic relay from the beginning of design.