论清代台米输出中的逆流现象

清代台米输出是两岸经济交流的重要内容。然而在台米输出的同时,仍有陆米以军粮、赈济与平粜等形式输入的逆流现象。其主要原因,既有平乱等军事行动、自然与人为原因造成的灾害,又有台湾自身社会经济发展的需要。

哲学助读资料续编

一、《台米扬的鱼汤》的联想 《克雷洛夫寓言集》中有一篇代表作品《台米扬的鱼汤》。内容讲述的是台米扬夫妇宴请邻居福卡,前来喝他们煮的美味可口的鱼汤。对福卡来说,尽管他喜欢吃鱼汤,并早就三盆下肚,吃得汗水像冰雹一般落下,但在盛情的主人面前,他不得不集中了最后的力量,将一盆鱼汤喝光。然而,福卡万万没有料到,主人劝他进食又一盆美味的鱼汤。至此,福卡已不再是美味的享受。

日据初期台湾稻米输日问题研究

台米生产和输日问题是日据时期台湾经济研究中的一个重要问题,日本学者和台湾学者在这方面都有深入的研究.战前日本学者川野重任在他的名著《日据时代台湾米谷经济论》中指出了日据时代台湾(和朝鲜)稻米问题的社会意义。

ISOLATION DESIGN AND SIMULATIONAL EXPERIMENT OF NANOMETER MICRO MOVEMENT TEST-BED

The relation of mass, stiffness and rate of damping is obtained by using the mechanical analysis of the obstructive vibration system of two dimensions for the design of the obstructive vibration system of more freedom and the micro vibration test bed. The result of stimulational experiment indicates that the isolation of vibration of this system is satisfactory. The design method of vibration can be used as the reference to ultra precision machine tool, super micro orientation machanism and so on.

Quantitative Analysis of the Reduction Kinetics of a Pt(Ⅱ) Precursor in the Context of Pt Nanocrystal Synthesis

In this letter, we report a quantitative analysis of how a Pt（II） precursor is reduced to atoms at different temperatures for the formation of Pt nanocrystals with different morphologies and sizes. Our results suggest that in the early stage of a synthesis, the Pt（II） precursor is reduced to atoms exclusively in the solution phase, followed by homogeneous nucleation to generate nuclei and then seeds. At a relatively low reaction temperature such as 22℃, the growth of the seeds is dominated by autocatalytic surface reduction that involves the adsorption and then reduction of the Pt（II） precursor on the surface of the just-formed seeds. This particular growth pathway results in relatively large assemblies of Pt nanocrystals. When the reaction temperature is increased to 100 ℃, the dominant reduction pathway will be switched from surface to solution phase, producing much smaller asselnblies of Pt nanocrystals. Our results also demonstrate that a similar trend applies to the seed-rnediated growth of Pt nanocrystals in the presence of Pd nanocubes.

Electrical conductivity effect on MHD mixed convection of nanofluid flow over a backward-facing step

In this study,magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection effects of Al2O3-water nanofluid flow over a backward-facing step were investigated numerically for various electrical conductivity models of nanofluids.A uniform external magnetic field was applied to the flow and strength of magnetic field was varied with different values of dimensionless parameter Hartmann number (Ha=0,10,20,30,40).Three different electrical conductivity models were used to see the effects of MHD nanofluid flow.Besides,five different inclination angles between 0°-90° is used for the external magnetic field.The problem geometry is a backward-facing step which is used in many engineering applications where flow separation and reattachment phenomenon occurs.Mixed type convective heat transfer of backward-facing step was examined with various values of Richardson number (Ri=0.01,0.1,1,10) and four different nanoparticle volume fractions (Ф=0.01,0.015,0.020,0.025) considering different electrical conductivity models.Finite element method via commercial code COMSOL was used for computations.Results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles enhanced heat transfer significantly.Also increasing magnetic field strength and inclination angle increased heat transfer rate.Effects of different electrical conductivity models were also investigated and it was observed that they have significant effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the presence of magnetic field.

Zhang Heng’s Seismoscope(3):Disappearance & Scientific Value

The ancient idea of Heavenly Punishment confused natural phenomena with social issues,which resulted in Zhang Heng’s tragedy in his later years and seismoscope. The instrument might have been lost in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. A series of extremely serious chaotic social events caused by war took place,such as a fire in Luoyang,forging coins by destroying copper wares,relocation of the capital,sharp population decrease,and the destruction of the Ling Observatory. Zhang’s scientific thought and successful practice had played an important role in ideological enlightenments at the primary stage of modern seismology at the end of the nineteenth century. There is a glorious course of"innovation—inheritance—re-innovation"of scientific and technical development from the inception Zhang Heng’s seismoscope to the modern seismograph invented by Milne,et al.

Modeling Time Series Analysis between Feedstuff and Hog Prices in Taiwan

Pork in Taiwan has played an important role in terms of domestic consumption, production and price fluctuation in several decades. This study attempts to investigate the causal relationship between hog and feedstuff prices in Taiwan by using monthly time series over the period of January 2000 to October 2010. Prices from hog, feedstuff, soybean meal and corn are considered and performed through a multivariate vector autoregressive （VAR） model. As the empirical results, the long-run equilibrium is captured identifying price elasticity among the variables using the Johansen cointegration diagnosis. Then, the Granger causality approach shows that bidirectional relationship is detected running from feedstuff to corn and from soybean meal to hog as well as unidirectional relationship running from corn to hog, from feedstuff to hog and from soybean meal to feedstuff. In the conclusions, we point out to raw material prices of feedstuff, namely corn and soybean meal that have an importance to hog price as the cost of meat production. Pig farmers and policy-makers should understand the behavior of price interactions to manage the risks on hog market and to increase the profitability on suitable price.

清代闽台地区的农产品流通

清代闽台地区的农产品流通马波经济作物生产的发展和为在市场出售的粮食种植业的出现，导致清代闽台农业的商品化趋势，与之伴行的是区域上的专业化趋势，而区域专业化又导致每个地区不得不依靠市场购买或出卖其生产、生活必需品，使农产品的流通成为实现生产过程的一个重...

上帝笑什么

翻开书来,看到外国有这么一句箴言——“人类一思考,上帝就发笑”,便忍不住发笑。然笑尚未完结,笑便凝固在因倏忽而至的思考而产生惶惑的脸上:我怎么竟笑了?我笑谁?笑上帝?笑人类?我不是上帝,是人类一分子,现在看书就是一种思考,我笑自己?自己可笑? “人类一思考,上帝就发笑”,上帝笑什么? 笑人类思考?人类不需要思考么?人类要生存,要生存得今天比昨天好,明天比今天好;人类要发展,要抵御那无情的风霜雨雪的肆虐,要踏平那道路上的崎岖坎坷,要消除那折磨人类的疾病痛苦。

Real-time in vivo visualization of tumor therapy by a near-infrared-II Ag2S quantum dot-based theranostic nanoplatform

Real-time and objective feedback of therapeutic efficacies would be of great value for tumor treatment. Here, we report a smart Ag2S QD-based theranostic nanoplatform （DOX@PEG-Ag2S） obtained by loading the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin （DOX） into polyethylene glycol-coated silver sulfide quantum dots （PEG-Ag2S QDs） through hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, which exhibited high drug loading capability （93 wt.% of DOX to Ag2S QDs）, long circulation in blood （t1/2 = 10.3 h）, and high passive tumor-targeting efficiency （8.9% ID/gram） in living mice where % ID/gram reflects the probe concentration in terms of the percentage of the injected dose （ID） per gram of tissue. After targeting the tumor tissue, DOX from PEG-AgRS cargoes was selectively and rapidly released into cancer cells, giving rise to a significant tumor inhibition. Owing to the deep tissue penetration and high spatio-temporal resolution of Ag2S QDs fluorescence in the second near-infrared window （NIR-II）, the DOX@PEG-Ag2S enabled real-time in vivo reading of the drug targeting process and therapeutic efficacy. We expect that such a novel theranostic nanoplatform, DOX@PEG-Ag2S, with integrated drug delivery, therapy and assessment functionalities, will be highly useful for personalized treatments of tumors.

Wind characteristics near the ground during typhoon Meari

Wind speed and direction data during typhoon Meari were obtained from eight anemometers installed at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 m on a 40-m tower built in the Pudong area of Shanghai. Wind-turbulence characteristics, including wind-speed profile, turbulence integral scale, power spectra, correlations, and coherences were analyzed. Wind-speed profiles varied with time during the passage of Meari. Measured wind-speed profiles could be expressed well by both a power law and a log law. Turbulence integral scales for u, v, and w components all increased with wind speed. The ratios of the turbulence scales among the turbulence components averaged for all 10-min data were 1：0.69：0.08 at 10 m, 1：0.61：0.09 at 20 m, and 1：0.65：0.13 at 40 m. The turbulence integral scales for the u and v components increased with average gust time, but the turbulence integral scale for the w component remained almost constant when the gust duration was greater than 10 min. The decay factor of the coherence function increased slightly with wind speed, with average values for longitudinal and lateral dimensions of 14.3 and 11.3, respectively. The slope rates of the turbulence spectra in the inertial range were less than -5/3 at first, but gradually satisfied the Kolmogorov 5/3 law. The longitudinal wind-power fluctuation spectrum roughly fitted the von Karman spectrum, but slight deviations occurred in the high-frequency band for lateral and vertical wind-power fluctuation spectra.

Dendrimer-based strategies for cancer therapy:Recent advances and future perspectives

This review reports some recent advances on the use of dendrimer-based systems for cancer therapy. Dendrimers are emerging as promising carriers or stabilizers for drugs and nanoparticles（NPs） due to their highly branched 3-dimensional globular shape, internal hydrophobic cavity and multiple peripheral functional groups. The fabricated nanoplatforms loaded with therapeutic agents such as drugs,siRNAs or NPs can be further modified to have targeting specificity, antifouling properties and good biocompatibility.In particular, recent advances in the surface modifications of dendrimers and the application of dendrimers as versatile platforms for different therapeutic treatments to cancer including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy,photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, and combination therapy will be introduced in detail.

Understanding the stability and reactivity of ultrathin tellurium nanowires in solution： An emerging platform for chemical transformation and material design

The stability and reactivity of nanomaterials are of crucial importance for their application, but the long-term effects of stability and reactivity of nanomaterials under practical conditions are still not well understood. In this study, we first established a comprehensive strategy to investigate the stability of a highly reactive nanomaterial from the viewpoint of reaction kinetics with ultrathin tellurium nanowires （TeNWs） as a model material in aqueous solution through an accelerated oxidation process. This allowed us to propose a new approach for the design and synthesis of other unique one-dimensional nanostructures by a chemical transformation process using the intermediate nanostructures ＂captured＂ during the dynamic oxidation process under different conditions. In essence, the oxidation of ultrathin TeNWs is a gas-solid reaction which involves liquid, gas and solid phases. It has been demonstrated that the oxidation process of ultrathin TeNWs in aqueous solution can be divided into three stages, namely oxygen limiting, ultrathin TeNWs limiting and mass transfer resistance limiting stages. The apparent oxidation kinetics for ultrathin TeNWs is approximately in accord with a first order reaction kinetics model and has an apparent activation energy as low as TeNWs are thermodynamically unstable 13.53 kJ.mol^-1, indicating that ultrathin However, the unstable nature of ultrathin TeNWs is actually an advantage since it can act as an excellent platform to help us synthesize and design one-dimensional functional nanomaterials--with special structures and distinctive properties--which are difficult to obtain by a direct synthesis method.