This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designe...This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.展开更多
Tourism English reading is the course with the largest amount of information that students know and understand professional knowledge background of tourism, development history of tourism industry and classification a...Tourism English reading is the course with the largest amount of information that students know and understand professional knowledge background of tourism, development history of tourism industry and classification and development status of tourism industry; which is also a course that students learn with relative difficulty. In tourism English reading teaching, introducing the cross-cultural communication knowledge and enhancing cross-cultural communication ability will help students to overcome the obstacles in reading, so as to make this course play its role.展开更多
文摘This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.
文摘Tourism English reading is the course with the largest amount of information that students know and understand professional knowledge background of tourism, development history of tourism industry and classification and development status of tourism industry; which is also a course that students learn with relative difficulty. In tourism English reading teaching, introducing the cross-cultural communication knowledge and enhancing cross-cultural communication ability will help students to overcome the obstacles in reading, so as to make this course play its role.
