The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and mate...The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and material production in the following 3,000 years. The myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s eating the white jade cream and the Queen Mother of the West living in Kunlun Jade Mountain, as recorded in Classic of Mountains and Seas, are mythological imaginations of the historical reality that the jades were spread from the West to the East and recreated by people living in the early state of the Central Plains. All such motifs, no matter the white jade cream that produced black jades, the Yellow Emperor＇s planting the jade flowers, the Kunlun Jade Mountains （the Mountain of Jades） where the Queen Mother of the West lives or the Jade Lake, clearly show Chinese indigenous worship for the white jades. Scholars like Su Xuelin and Ling Chunsheng think that Queen Mother of the West is the goddess of the moon that originated from the old West Asian civilization. However, such idea is full of contradictions and flaws after the discovery of Chinese unique worship for white jades and the holy mountain of Kunlun. The book Classic of Mountains and Seas, with records of 140 mountains that produce jades and 16 mountains that produce white jades, can be the white jade worshippers＇ bible to explore the holy material resources.展开更多
A high-altitude peat sequence from the heart of the Spanish Central System(Gredos range) was analysed through a multi-proxy approach to determine the sensitivity of high-mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use...A high-altitude peat sequence from the heart of the Spanish Central System(Gredos range) was analysed through a multi-proxy approach to determine the sensitivity of high-mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use changes during the last seven hundred years, providing valuable insight into our understanding of the vegetation history and environmental changes in a mountain pass close to a traditional route of transhumance. The pollen data indicate that the vegetation was dominated by shrublands and grasslands with scattered pines in high-mountain areas, while in the valleys cereals, chestnut and olive trees were cultivated. Strong declines of high-mountain pines percentages are recorded at 1540, 1675, 1765, 1835 and 1925 cal AD, which may be related to increasing grazing activities and/or the occurrence of anthropogenic fires. The practice of mountain summer farming and transhumance deeply changed and redesigned the landscape of the high altitudes in central Spain(Gredos range) since the Middle Ages, although its dynamics was influenced in some way by climate variability of the past seven centuries.展开更多
Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reser...Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reservoirs of poverty and backwardness. Mountain districts were the cradle of an Asian 搃ndustrious?revolution that led to Japan抯 modernization. The highland-based silk-reeling producers pioneered an autonomous Asian model of industrial development, which competed successfully against the capital-intensive system introduced from the West into coastal cities. The export strength of silk-producing households in upland villages overturns the claim that Japan抯 economic miracle was based on the introduction of Western technology and administrative systems. To the contrary, the Asian-style management practices and labor standards developed by the silk producers were transferred to a succession of other industries. These indigenous practices account for the rise of Japanese industry in world markets. The clash between the two opposing models of modernization resulted in modern Japan抯 first major civil conflict, the Chichibu Rebellion of 1884, a legacy that has major implications for today抯 recession-mired Japan as well as for developing countries striving for an alternative path to economic development.展开更多
Taiyuan lian hua lao is the local of unique Shangcun of Tai Yuan in Chinese folk rap art breed, it is not a matter cultural heritage directory so far by column for Shanxi Province in 2006. This paper describes the dev...Taiyuan lian hua lao is the local of unique Shangcun of Tai Yuan in Chinese folk rap art breed, it is not a matter cultural heritage directory so far by column for Shanxi Province in 2006. This paper describes the development of Taiyuan Lian hua lao from the aspects of present situation, problems and thinking, then puts forward the relevant suggestions.展开更多
Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from De...Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation （REDD） of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots （NBP） of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4151718 family sensors including Thematic Mapper （TM）, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, Normalized Difference Moisture Index （NDMI）, Normalized Burn Ratio （NBR） and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index （SAVI）, in combination with local phenological features of swid- dening and topographical data. The results showed that： （1） an annual average of 6.08×104 km2 of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. （2） Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, West- ern Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. （3） A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×104 km2. （4） The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in usingslash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based （30 m） reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps （including extent and area） of the NBP of swidden agri- culture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.展开更多
The dating of the uplift onset of the Huangshan pluton in the southern part of Anhui Province associated with the collision between paleo-Pacific Block and the Eurasian Block is a fundamental issue to better understan...The dating of the uplift onset of the Huangshan pluton in the southern part of Anhui Province associated with the collision between paleo-Pacific Block and the Eurasian Block is a fundamental issue to better understand the uplift mechanisms and the regional tectonic evolution. Х^2 values of seven zircon fission track （ZFF） samples collected from the south part of the Huangshan pluton were all 〈5%. Based on the grain ages of four typical ZFr samples, three thermal overprints ranging in 113-123, 72-95 and 49-66 Ma were distinguished respectively using the binomial peak-fitting method in accordance with the tectonic thermal events after south China shifted into circum-Pacific tectonic region. Apatite fission track （AFT） study of the Huangshan pluton shows ages lie between 15±3 and 56±6 Ma with all Х^2 values 〉5%, and all are significantly younger than their host rock formation ages, indicating that the samples have experienced post-formation thermal history. Based on the AFT resuits and topography characteristics in the Huangshan pluton, three zones with different denudation intensities caused by the differential uplift of the fault blocks were recognized in this paper, indicating that denudation was driven by the increase in elevation significantly. Modeling of the AFT data shows that the earlier cooling phase took place in the early Cenozoic and involved 3.3, 3.8 and 6.0℃/Ma of cooling rates equivalent to the exhumation rates of 90, 104 and 167 m/Ma in different fault blocks. The last phase of cooling took place from -10 Ma with average cooling rate of -5.6℃/Ma, equivalent to average denudation rates of -156 m/Ma. The fission track results imply that the regional compression field plays an important role for the differential exhumation between individual fault blocks of the Huangshan pluton.展开更多
The uplift and exhumation process in the Tianshan orogen since the late Paleozoic were likely related to the preservation of ore deposits. This study involved reconstructing the whole tectonic thermal history of the O...The uplift and exhumation process in the Tianshan orogen since the late Paleozoic were likely related to the preservation of ore deposits. This study involved reconstructing the whole tectonic thermal history of the Ouxidaban pluton in central South Tianshan Mountains based on hornblende/plagioclase Ar-Ar and zircon/apatite （U-Th）/He methods. The thermal history and uplift process of central South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic were analyzed according to the results of previous works and cooling/exhumation rate features. The hornblende yields a plateau age of 382.6_＋3.6 Ma, and the plagio- clase yields a weighted mean age of 265.8_＋4.9 Ma. The Ouxidaban pluton yields weighted mean zircon （U-Th）/He age of 185.8±4.3 Ma and apatite （U-Th）/He age of 31.1±2.9 Ma, respectively. Five stages of tectonic thermal history of South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic could be discriminated by the cooling curve and modeling simulation： （1） from the latest Silurian to Late Devonian, the average cooling rate of the Ouxidaban pluton was 7.84℃/Ma; （2） from the Late De- vonian to the latest Middle Permian, the average cooling rate was about 2.07℃/Ma; （3） from the latest Middle Permian to the middle Eocene, the cooling rate decreased to about 0.68℃/Ma, suggesting that the tectonic activity was gentle at this time; （4） a sudden increase of the cooling rate （5.00℃/Ma） and the exhumation rate （0.17 mrn/a）, and crustal exhumation of -1.83 km indicated that the Ouxidaban pluton would suffer a rapid uplift event during the Eocene （-46-35 Ma）; （5） since the middle Eocene, the rapid uplift was sustained, and the average cooling rate since then has been 1.14℃/Ma with an exhumation rate of about 0.04 mm/a and an exhumation thickness of 1.33 km. The strong uplift since the Cenozoic would be related to a far-field effect from the Indian and Eurasian plates＇ collision. However, it was hysteretic that the remote effect was observed in the Tianshan orogenic belt.展开更多
Behavioral responses to environmental change are the mechanisms that allow for rapid phenotypic change preventing temporary or permanent damage and hence preventing reductions in fitness. Extreme climatic events are b...Behavioral responses to environmental change are the mechanisms that allow for rapid phenotypic change preventing temporary or permanent damage and hence preventing reductions in fitness. Extreme climatic events are by definition rare, although they are predicted to increase in amplitude and frequency in the coming years. However, our current knowledge about behavioral responses to such extreme events is scarce. Here I analyze two examples of the effects of extreme weather events on behavior and life history： （1） A comparison of behavior and life history during extremely warm and extremely cold years relative to normal years; and （2） a comparison of behavior before and after the extremely early snowfall in fall 1974 when numerous birds died in the Alps during September-October. Behavioral and life history responses of barn swallows Hirundo rustica to extremely cold and extremely warm years were positively correlated, with particularly large effect sizes in cold years. Extreme mortality in barn swallows during fall migration 1974 in the Alps eliminated more than 40% of the breeding population across large areas in Central and Northern Europe, and this affected first arrival date, changes in timing and extent of reproduction and changes in degree of breeding sociality supposedly as a consequence of correlated responses to selection. Finally, I provide directions for research that will allow us to better understand behavior and life history changes in response to extreme climate change [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 351-362, 2011].展开更多
The North Dabie complex unit （NDC） is a widely exposed petro-tectonic unit. To understand post-orogenic uplift history and mechanism of the Dabie orogenic belt, many samples of granite, granodiorite, diorite, and al...The North Dabie complex unit （NDC） is a widely exposed petro-tectonic unit. To understand post-orogenic uplift history and mechanism of the Dabie orogenic belt, many samples of granite, granodiorite, diorite, and alkali feldspar granite with precise zircon U-Pb ages were collected for electron microprobe analysis of hornblende. Emplacement pressure values were then cal- culated by using an Al-in-hornblende geobarometer. The result shows that total A1 （A1T） values in hornblende range from 1.17 to 1.97 p.f.u., XFe（=Fe/（Fe＋Mg）） from 0.4 to 0.65, and corresponding pressure values from 256.8 to 676.2 MPa for A1T greater than 1.17. It is suggested that although the main mechanism for the uplift is tectonic extension, inhomogeneous uplift related to the pluton emplacement is also important during post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt. Emplacement depth dis- tribution of the plutons shows that uplift in the NDC is affected by horst-graben structures since 120 Ma.展开更多
The Sichuan Basin is a superimposition basin composed of terrestrial and marine sediments that is well known for its abundant petroleum resources. Thermal history reconstruction using paleogeothermal indicators, inclu...The Sichuan Basin is a superimposition basin composed of terrestrial and marine sediments that is well known for its abundant petroleum resources. Thermal history reconstruction using paleogeothermal indicators, including vitrinite reflectahoe and thermochronological data, shows that different structural subsections of the Sichuan Basin have experienced various paleogeothermal episodes since the Paleozoic. The lower structural subsection comprising the Lower Paleozoic to Middle Permian （Pz-P2） successions experienced a high paleogeothermal gradient （23.0-42.6℃/km） at the end of the Middle Permian （P2）, whereas the upper structural subsection comprising Late Permian to Mesozoic strata underwent a relatively lower paleogeothermal gradient （13.2-26.9℃/km） at the beginning of the denudation （Late Cretaceous or Paleocene in the different regions）. During the denudation period, the Sichuan Basin experienced a successive cooling episode. The high paleogeothermal gradient resulted from an intensive thermal event correlated to the Emeishan mantle plume. The heat flow value reached 124.0 mW/m2 in the southwestern basin near the center of the Emeishan large igneous province. The low geothermal gradient episode with heat flow ranging from 31.2 to 70.0 mW/m2 may be related to the foreland basin evolution. The cooling event is a result of the continuous uplift and denudation of the basin.展开更多
Fluctuation history of Midui glacier in the southeastern Tibet since the Little Ice Age(LIA) was reconstructed by the dating of lateral and terminal moraines using tree rings.Four conversions of glacier advance/stabil...Fluctuation history of Midui glacier in the southeastern Tibet since the Little Ice Age(LIA) was reconstructed by the dating of lateral and terminal moraines using tree rings.Four conversions of glacier advance/stabilization to retreat were identified at around 1767,1875,1924 and 1964.The glacier reached its LIA maximum position at 1767.The fluctuations are consistent with those of other glaciers from the Tibetan Plateau,the Rockies and the Alps,suggesting high spatial coherency of glacier fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere.Comparison with the summer temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau indicated that the Midui glacier fluctuation may be related to temperature variation on the centennial timescale.On the decadal scale,the fluctuation could correspond to cold/warm variation with an 8-year lag on average.展开更多
Its unique history and jaw-dropping scenery set Mianshan Mountain apart from the rest Mianshan Mountain is a famous culturaland historical site in the city of Jiexiuin north China’s Shanxi Province.As part of a mount...Its unique history and jaw-dropping scenery set Mianshan Mountain apart from the rest Mianshan Mountain is a famous culturaland historical site in the city of Jiexiuin north China’s Shanxi Province.As part of a mountain range that extendsover 50 km in length.The mountain,whichreaches a height of 2,571 meters above sea展开更多
文摘The white jade worship, born in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, brought about a ＂Protestant Revolution＂ in the development history of Chinese jade mythology, which had deep influence on the nation＇s ideology and material production in the following 3,000 years. The myths of the Yellow Emperor＇s eating the white jade cream and the Queen Mother of the West living in Kunlun Jade Mountain, as recorded in Classic of Mountains and Seas, are mythological imaginations of the historical reality that the jades were spread from the West to the East and recreated by people living in the early state of the Central Plains. All such motifs, no matter the white jade cream that produced black jades, the Yellow Emperor＇s planting the jade flowers, the Kunlun Jade Mountains （the Mountain of Jades） where the Queen Mother of the West lives or the Jade Lake, clearly show Chinese indigenous worship for the white jades. Scholars like Su Xuelin and Ling Chunsheng think that Queen Mother of the West is the goddess of the moon that originated from the old West Asian civilization. However, such idea is full of contradictions and flaws after the discovery of Chinese unique worship for white jades and the holy mountain of Kunlun. The book Classic of Mountains and Seas, with records of 140 mountains that produce jades and 16 mountains that produce white jades, can be the white jade worshippers＇ bible to explore the holy material resources.
基金funded by the project HAR2013-43701-P (Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry)Excellence Research Projects Program from the Andalusian Government P11-RNM-7033
文摘A high-altitude peat sequence from the heart of the Spanish Central System(Gredos range) was analysed through a multi-proxy approach to determine the sensitivity of high-mountain habitats to climate, fire and land use changes during the last seven hundred years, providing valuable insight into our understanding of the vegetation history and environmental changes in a mountain pass close to a traditional route of transhumance. The pollen data indicate that the vegetation was dominated by shrublands and grasslands with scattered pines in high-mountain areas, while in the valleys cereals, chestnut and olive trees were cultivated. Strong declines of high-mountain pines percentages are recorded at 1540, 1675, 1765, 1835 and 1925 cal AD, which may be related to increasing grazing activities and/or the occurrence of anthropogenic fires. The practice of mountain summer farming and transhumance deeply changed and redesigned the landscape of the high altitudes in central Spain(Gredos range) since the Middle Ages, although its dynamics was influenced in some way by climate variability of the past seven centuries.
文摘Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reservoirs of poverty and backwardness. Mountain districts were the cradle of an Asian 搃ndustrious?revolution that led to Japan抯 modernization. The highland-based silk-reeling producers pioneered an autonomous Asian model of industrial development, which competed successfully against the capital-intensive system introduced from the West into coastal cities. The export strength of silk-producing households in upland villages overturns the claim that Japan抯 economic miracle was based on the introduction of Western technology and administrative systems. To the contrary, the Asian-style management practices and labor standards developed by the silk producers were transferred to a succession of other industries. These indigenous practices account for the rise of Japanese industry in world markets. The clash between the two opposing models of modernization resulted in modern Japan抯 first major civil conflict, the Chichibu Rebellion of 1884, a legacy that has major implications for today抯 recession-mired Japan as well as for developing countries striving for an alternative path to economic development.
文摘Taiyuan lian hua lao is the local of unique Shangcun of Tai Yuan in Chinese folk rap art breed, it is not a matter cultural heritage directory so far by column for Shanxi Province in 2006. This paper describes the development of Taiyuan Lian hua lao from the aspects of present situation, problems and thinking, then puts forward the relevant suggestions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41301090
文摘Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia （SEA）, as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation （REDD） of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots （NBP） of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4151718 family sensors including Thematic Mapper （TM）, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, Normalized Difference Moisture Index （NDMI）, Normalized Burn Ratio （NBR） and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index （SAVI）, in combination with local phenological features of swid- dening and topographical data. The results showed that： （1） an annual average of 6.08×104 km2 of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. （2） Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, West- ern Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. （3） A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×104 km2. （4） The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in usingslash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based （30 m） reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps （including extent and area） of the NBP of swidden agri- culture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40772134)Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(Grant No.200643)
文摘The dating of the uplift onset of the Huangshan pluton in the southern part of Anhui Province associated with the collision between paleo-Pacific Block and the Eurasian Block is a fundamental issue to better understand the uplift mechanisms and the regional tectonic evolution. Х^2 values of seven zircon fission track （ZFF） samples collected from the south part of the Huangshan pluton were all 〈5%. Based on the grain ages of four typical ZFr samples, three thermal overprints ranging in 113-123, 72-95 and 49-66 Ma were distinguished respectively using the binomial peak-fitting method in accordance with the tectonic thermal events after south China shifted into circum-Pacific tectonic region. Apatite fission track （AFT） study of the Huangshan pluton shows ages lie between 15±3 and 56±6 Ma with all Х^2 values 〉5%, and all are significantly younger than their host rock formation ages, indicating that the samples have experienced post-formation thermal history. Based on the AFT resuits and topography characteristics in the Huangshan pluton, three zones with different denudation intensities caused by the differential uplift of the fault blocks were recognized in this paper, indicating that denudation was driven by the increase in elevation significantly. Modeling of the AFT data shows that the earlier cooling phase took place in the early Cenozoic and involved 3.3, 3.8 and 6.0℃/Ma of cooling rates equivalent to the exhumation rates of 90, 104 and 167 m/Ma in different fault blocks. The last phase of cooling took place from -10 Ma with average cooling rate of -5.6℃/Ma, equivalent to average denudation rates of -156 m/Ma. The fission track results imply that the regional compression field plays an important role for the differential exhumation between individual fault blocks of the Huangshan pluton.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41473053)China Geological Survey(Grant No.12120113015600)Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources(Grant Nos.201511064-2&201211074-05)
文摘The uplift and exhumation process in the Tianshan orogen since the late Paleozoic were likely related to the preservation of ore deposits. This study involved reconstructing the whole tectonic thermal history of the Ouxidaban pluton in central South Tianshan Mountains based on hornblende/plagioclase Ar-Ar and zircon/apatite （U-Th）/He methods. The thermal history and uplift process of central South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic were analyzed according to the results of previous works and cooling/exhumation rate features. The hornblende yields a plateau age of 382.6_＋3.6 Ma, and the plagio- clase yields a weighted mean age of 265.8_＋4.9 Ma. The Ouxidaban pluton yields weighted mean zircon （U-Th）/He age of 185.8±4.3 Ma and apatite （U-Th）/He age of 31.1±2.9 Ma, respectively. Five stages of tectonic thermal history of South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic could be discriminated by the cooling curve and modeling simulation： （1） from the latest Silurian to Late Devonian, the average cooling rate of the Ouxidaban pluton was 7.84℃/Ma; （2） from the Late De- vonian to the latest Middle Permian, the average cooling rate was about 2.07℃/Ma; （3） from the latest Middle Permian to the middle Eocene, the cooling rate decreased to about 0.68℃/Ma, suggesting that the tectonic activity was gentle at this time; （4） a sudden increase of the cooling rate （5.00℃/Ma） and the exhumation rate （0.17 mrn/a）, and crustal exhumation of -1.83 km indicated that the Ouxidaban pluton would suffer a rapid uplift event during the Eocene （-46-35 Ma）; （5） since the middle Eocene, the rapid uplift was sustained, and the average cooling rate since then has been 1.14℃/Ma with an exhumation rate of about 0.04 mm/a and an exhumation thickness of 1.33 km. The strong uplift since the Cenozoic would be related to a far-field effect from the Indian and Eurasian plates＇ collision. However, it was hysteretic that the remote effect was observed in the Tianshan orogenic belt.
文摘Behavioral responses to environmental change are the mechanisms that allow for rapid phenotypic change preventing temporary or permanent damage and hence preventing reductions in fitness. Extreme climatic events are by definition rare, although they are predicted to increase in amplitude and frequency in the coming years. However, our current knowledge about behavioral responses to such extreme events is scarce. Here I analyze two examples of the effects of extreme weather events on behavior and life history： （1） A comparison of behavior and life history during extremely warm and extremely cold years relative to normal years; and （2） a comparison of behavior before and after the extremely early snowfall in fall 1974 when numerous birds died in the Alps during September-October. Behavioral and life history responses of barn swallows Hirundo rustica to extremely cold and extremely warm years were positively correlated, with particularly large effect sizes in cold years. Extreme mortality in barn swallows during fall migration 1974 in the Alps eliminated more than 40% of the breeding population across large areas in Central and Northern Europe, and this affected first arrival date, changes in timing and extent of reproduction and changes in degree of breeding sociality supposedly as a consequence of correlated responses to selection. Finally, I provide directions for research that will allow us to better understand behavior and life history changes in response to extreme climate change [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 351-362, 2011].
基金supported by the Anhui Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 1108085J12)China Geological Survey Project of Science and Technology (Grant No. 1212011121114)
文摘The North Dabie complex unit （NDC） is a widely exposed petro-tectonic unit. To understand post-orogenic uplift history and mechanism of the Dabie orogenic belt, many samples of granite, granodiorite, diorite, and alkali feldspar granite with precise zircon U-Pb ages were collected for electron microprobe analysis of hornblende. Emplacement pressure values were then cal- culated by using an Al-in-hornblende geobarometer. The result shows that total A1 （A1T） values in hornblende range from 1.17 to 1.97 p.f.u., XFe（=Fe/（Fe＋Mg）） from 0.4 to 0.65, and corresponding pressure values from 256.8 to 676.2 MPa for A1T greater than 1.17. It is suggested that although the main mechanism for the uplift is tectonic extension, inhomogeneous uplift related to the pluton emplacement is also important during post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt. Emplacement depth dis- tribution of the plutons shows that uplift in the NDC is affected by horst-graben structures since 120 Ma.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41102152)the PetroChina Innovation Foundation(Grant No.2013D-5006-0102)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB214703)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant No.YJRC2013-002)
文摘The Sichuan Basin is a superimposition basin composed of terrestrial and marine sediments that is well known for its abundant petroleum resources. Thermal history reconstruction using paleogeothermal indicators, including vitrinite reflectahoe and thermochronological data, shows that different structural subsections of the Sichuan Basin have experienced various paleogeothermal episodes since the Paleozoic. The lower structural subsection comprising the Lower Paleozoic to Middle Permian （Pz-P2） successions experienced a high paleogeothermal gradient （23.0-42.6℃/km） at the end of the Middle Permian （P2）, whereas the upper structural subsection comprising Late Permian to Mesozoic strata underwent a relatively lower paleogeothermal gradient （13.2-26.9℃/km） at the beginning of the denudation （Late Cretaceous or Paleocene in the different regions）. During the denudation period, the Sichuan Basin experienced a successive cooling episode. The high paleogeothermal gradient resulted from an intensive thermal event correlated to the Emeishan mantle plume. The heat flow value reached 124.0 mW/m2 in the southwestern basin near the center of the Emeishan large igneous province. The low geothermal gradient episode with heat flow ranging from 31.2 to 70.0 mW/m2 may be related to the foreland basin evolution. The cooling event is a result of the continuous uplift and denudation of the basin.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40801033 and 41130529)DFG,German Research Foundation (Grant No.BR1895/21-1)
文摘Fluctuation history of Midui glacier in the southeastern Tibet since the Little Ice Age(LIA) was reconstructed by the dating of lateral and terminal moraines using tree rings.Four conversions of glacier advance/stabilization to retreat were identified at around 1767,1875,1924 and 1964.The glacier reached its LIA maximum position at 1767.The fluctuations are consistent with those of other glaciers from the Tibetan Plateau,the Rockies and the Alps,suggesting high spatial coherency of glacier fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere.Comparison with the summer temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau indicated that the Midui glacier fluctuation may be related to temperature variation on the centennial timescale.On the decadal scale,the fluctuation could correspond to cold/warm variation with an 8-year lag on average.
文摘Its unique history and jaw-dropping scenery set Mianshan Mountain apart from the rest Mianshan Mountain is a famous culturaland historical site in the city of Jiexiuin north China’s Shanxi Province.As part of a mountain range that extendsover 50 km in length.The mountain,whichreaches a height of 2,571 meters above sea
