《直斋书录解题》史录订误

陈振孙《直斋书录解题》是我国古代最重要的目录解题之一,然此书历经传抄,讹误脱漏者不少。点校本《直斋书录解题》卷四至卷八史录的文字讹误有19处。因此,四库本《直斋书录解题》要优于聚珍本,具有一定的学术价值,应得到重视;点校本《直斋书录解题》的校记偶有失当,仍可精益求精。

中国生漆典史录(续)

六、我国古代三大漆器产地我国利用生漆制作漆器,起源于原始公社,盛于奴隶制社会。《韩非子·十过》“舜作食器,黑漆之,诸候以为侈,国之不服者十三。禹作祭器,黑漆其外,朱画其内,国之不服者三十三。从此有其贡”。古史中的尧、舜、禹都是部落联盟的首领,在尧的时代,生产力低下,没有等级之分,大家都用陶器。

叶适墓志文创作的文学功用化

墓志文体自出现以来就确定了其用于丧葬礼仪的实际功用和文化内涵,唐宋时期成为一种常见文体,而叶适则依托其功利的学术思想,基于改变士风和记录道义的现实目的,延续韩愈、欧阳修等人以来的古文运动传统,充分挖掘了墓志文体史录和教化的功用性,提出了"文章家大典册"的理论概括,明确了碑志序记等记体文的正统文学地位,揭示了唐宋古文运动以来散文发展的新趋向。

Natural history of hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is an important cause of cancer death in the world. It has great regional differences in the pathology and epidemiology. The variation is greatly influenced by the aetiologies of the disease. Hepatitis B and C infection are the most important risk factors. HCC incidence rates are higher but in decreasing trend in developing countries. However, the figures in the developed countries are contrary. Successful hepatitis B virus （HBV） vacdnation programs, better food hygiene, increased global hepatitis C virus {HCV） prevalence and population migration are the possible explanations. A number of clinical and pathogenic differences exist between HBV- and HCV- related HCC. HBV infection leads to the development of HCC through direct and indirect pathways as it has the ability to integrate into the host genome affecting cellular signaling and growth control. HCV causes HCC mainly through indirect pathways： chronic inflammation, cell deaths and proliferation. As a result, HCC is almost exclusively found in cirrhotic HCV patients while HCC is sometimes found in HBV patients without significant liver cirrhosis. Due to the different severities of liver cirrhosis and HCC extent, therapeutic strategies from resection, liver transplantation to symptoms palliation are available. Poorly differentiated histology, lack of fibrous capsule, large tumour size, early vascular invasion and elevated serum levels of alpha fetoprotein （AFP） are the features for more aggressive disease. Combined with markers of liver reserve and performance status, accurate scoring systems and models have been developed to predict patients＇ survival and match best treatment option.

《隋书·经籍志》标点考校二则

中华书局1973年版《隋书·经籍志·序》中的谢灵运、王亮、谢朏、任昉、殷钧等之"《四部目录》"、王俭之"《目录》",包括梁有之"《五部目录》",其书名号均当去除。《隋志序》相关叙述重在交代目录著作的部类变化,"四部目录"、"五部目录"意指将书籍分为四部或五部的目录,而非目录著作的称名。加上书名号,掩盖了《隋志序》原本叙述目录部类划分的主观意图,使其目录学史料价值大打折扣。该版《隋书·经籍志》史部大序的最后"班固以《史记》附《春秋》"中的"《史记》",其书名号亦当以去除为是。

Climate Change in the Nile Delta from Prehistoric to the Modern Era and Their Impact on Soil and Vegetation in Some Archaeological Sites

Since the time of the rainy Holocene, there have been periods of consecutive rain and drought on Egypt. Study of carbon 14 in the long-lived coniferous tree rings could see activity in the sun （spots and solar flares） during eleven years cycle, as well as knowledge of possible flooding of the Nile and the periods of increase and decrease of the extent necessary to meet the soil around Lake Qarun in Fayoum-Egypt. From historical records in ancient Egypt and Muslim countries, the possible link between periods of the disappearance of sunspots on the solar disc for several years and is known to inch lower level and role of the minimum level of Mandour creeping ice on Southern Europe to the Mediterranean Sea, and the offset of the drought in North Africa and the Sahel region of Africa during the last thousand years. Analyzed pollen fossils of the overlapped layers of soil in two areas of the Delta were Avaris in Sharkiya Province and Mendes in Dakahliya Province. The study pointed out that there are differences due to environmental conditions, demonstrated by the analysis of soil pH, increased electrical connectivity also, the evidence of sulfates and chlorides indicate high salinity of Mendes and Avaris. Also the analysis of fossil pollen of successive layers of soil for both regions resulted in findings of fossil pollen of the species Chenopodiaceae by 51.2%, in Mendes, while, 7% in the Avaris. This is strong evidence of the existence conditions of salt in Mendes than Avaris archaeological sites.

Historical and Future Climatic Change Scenarios for Temperature and Rainfall for Iraq

The world is facing a big challenge of climatic change, mainly due to increasing concentrations of GHGs （greenhouse gases） in the atmosphere. Many researches indicated that the climate change occurred disproportionately on developing countries such as MENA （Middle East and North Africa） countries. The climatic model CGCM3.1 （T47） 2 is used in this research to explain the changes in average temperatures and the rainfall on the MENA region with special emphases on Iraq. Historical records （1900-2009） and future （2020-2099） were studied and compared; each period was divided to four sub-periods of thirty years. The results showed that the average monthly temperature for the four historical periods fluctuated between the lowest and highest value as follows： 9.2-32.9, 10.3-32.7, 9.3-32.8 and 8.6-33.9 （℃）. The rainfall for historical periods kept on the same distribution during the past 109 years, and fluctuated between the lowest and highest value of 21.3 mm and 37.6 mm with an average that reached up to 26.51 mm. For the future period, the maximum average monthly temperature reached up to 37.41 （℃） during June and minimum average monthly temperature reached up to 4.24 （℃） during January. The average monthly temperature fluctuated giving a clear impression that the future portends a higher temperature. The average monthly rainfall, for the future period, fluctuated between the lowest and highest value of 12.91 mm and 20.63 mm with an average that reached 16.84 mm which represent a reduction percentage of about 36.47% relative to the historical record of rainfall for the sanae months.

A Nonparametric Approach to Foreground Detection in Dynamic Backgrounds

Foreground detection is a fundamental step in visual surveillance.However,accurate foreground detection is still a challenging task especially in dynamic backgrounds.In this paper,we present a nonparametric approach to foreground detection in dynamic backgrounds.It uses a history of recently pixel values to estimate background model.Besides,the adaptive threshold and spatial coherence are introduced to enhance robustness against false detections.Experimental results indicate that our approach achieves better performance in dynamic backgrounds compared with several approaches.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

Test Calibration of the Paleoclimatic Proxy Data with Chinese Historical Records

The calibration of paleoclimate proxies is one of the key problems in the study of paleoclimate at present. Historical documentary records of climate are suitable for calibration on dating and the climatic implication of the proxy data in a climatological sense. A test calibration on correcting the Delingha tree ring precipitation series using Chinese historical documentary records shows that among the 44 extreme dry cases in 1401 1950 AD, 42 cases （or 95.5%） are believable. Thus the long series of Delingha rings-denoted precipitation is highly reliable. Another test to validate the monsoon intensity proxy data based on the Zhanjiang Huguangyan sediments using historical records indicates that the years of Lake Maar Ti content series-designated winter monsoon intensities are entirely opposite to historical documents- depicted years of harsh winters in 800-900 AD. As a result, serious doubt is raised about the climatic implication of this paleo-monsoon proxy series.

Fiction, Docudrama and Joumalism in the Globo Group （Grupo Globo）： A Memory of the Brazilian Military Dictatorship Directed at the General Public

From the early days of the moving image and its recordings of facts and events considered to be historical, followed by the consolidation of the classic narrative cinema grammar in the 1910s reaffirmed until today by a large part of the television production that turns to the past, without disregarding authorial aesthetic experiences produced especially since the 1920s, history has been present for over more than a century in several types of media. Movie theaters, people＇s homes and, nowadays, thanks to new media technology, any and every place are spaces for projecting historical narratives. They are both entertainment--by deploying strategies for constructing a ＂truth＂ about the past--and critical reflection, going against a belief in that possibility, in rendering explicit their nature as a language. Since all of these narratives presuppose an audience, a public, within different genres, styles and formats, with more realist overtones, more to the general public＇s taste, or anti-naturalist, in experiences for smaller audiences, it seems pertinent to discuss these issues considering that audiovisual narratives are powerful agents in constructing a memory of the past. Particularly in this text, we will examine how the most powerful communication enterprise in Brazil - Global Group - had construct a memory of the Brazilian military dictatorship （1964-1985） until 2016.

Historical Canadian Fortress in the Latest Technology

The paper examines thoroughly how utilizing the latest technology, such as a PC （personal computer）, an iPad, or an iPhone, can entertain many people and allow them to learn about the archaeological findings that have become broadly available through the application of new technology. The paper assesses web usage through the difference in availability and convenience of PC and compact devices by connection to 3D augmented reality applications. Modem technology has allowed access to this information to become radically altered, whereas historical records and remains are dwindling. However, the development of 3D technology means that the general public can experientially pursue the dignity of historical buildings. It also becomes easier through the use of the latest technology to decipher the effectiveness of people＇s interaction with inclusive descriptions of the documentation. This research aims at verifying the visualization of Fort Frontenac by the use of a chronological renovation process. This paper is composed of five elements： an introduction, the historical records about the necessity of 3D modeling, heritage visualization by means of 3D modeling, web design, and iPad and iPhone usage, a comparison of the architectural change that occurred in the

Envelope Functions of Time Histories in Seismic Safety Evaluation and Scenario Earthquakes

It has been a period of time since the concept of scenario earthquake was proposed, but this concept has rarely been used in seismic safety evaluation in China since then. Meanwhile, because of the uncertainties of magnitudes-distances pairs, there is large arbitrariness while determining the envelope function of time histories in seismic hazard analysis. In this paper, we describe a method to control the envelope functions of the time histories by introducing the most-likely combinations of magnitude and distance of the scenario earthquakes based on a probabilistic method, revise the software of the ellipse model for seismic hazard analysis, and give a computation example.

A Study of the Large Scale Flooding over Eastern China in 1755

Following disastrous flooding in several river valleys over eastern China in 1755, serious flooding occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 1756 and 1757, a rarely seen precipitation pattern of north-flood and south-drought in China for two successive years. This is a serious meteorological disaster and extreme climatic event taking place under the climatic background of a warm phase of the Little Ice Age. In this paper, by means of historical literature records, the rainy and flooding situation and the weather characteristics of these years are reconstructed and the maps depicting areas of prolonged rain, flood and concomitant famine, insect pest, and pestilence are made. The results show that, in 1755, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the Huaihe River Basin experienced a prolonged rainy season with multiple torrential rain events. The continuous rainy period exceeded 40 days in the Huang-Huai Region. An early Meiyu occurred, and the duration of the Meiyu period in the lower Yangtze River Basin was 43 days, the longest in the 18th century. Particularly in Nanjing the annual rainfall of 1755 was 1,378 mm, the highest record of the 18th century. The year of 1755 is characterized by lower temperature in summer, early frost in autumn, and heavy snowfall and freezing rain in winter. These characteristics are extremely similar to those of 1823 and 1954, two typical years of extreme rainfall. And all these three years with extreme precipitation axe corresponding to the minimum phase of the solar activity cycle.

Textual Research on the July 7,1590 A. D. Southeastern Yongjing Earthquake in Gansu Province

According to historical records,in July of 1590 A.D.,a destructive earthquake occurred near Lintao county in Gansu Province,in which "… city walls and houses collapsed,and countless people and domestic animals were killed".In the same month,Binggou town in eastern Qinghai Province(now northeastern Ledu county),was also damaged by an earthquake.These two earthquakes were listed as two different cases in the published earthquake catalogues,recorded separately as the Lintao M_S5.5 earthquake with epicentral intensity Ⅶ in Gansu Province and the Ledu M_S5.0 earthquake with epicentral intensity Ⅵ in Qinghai Province.However,based on comprehensive analysis of research on historical records and field investigations,it is concluded in this paper that these two earthquakes could be the same one with magnitude 6.5 and epicentral intensity Ⅷ～Ⅸ.Its epicenter was in the Maxian Mt.,which is located in southeastern Yongjing and its seismogenic structure might be the mid-western segments of the north fringe fault zone of Maxian Mt.of Lanzhou.

Data Dependent Modeling of New Contamination Cases from Urban Historic Groundwater Records

Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth＇s surface in the soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. As one of the most important natural resources, groundwater is associated with the environment, public health, welfare, and long-term economic growth, which affects the daily activities of human beings. In modern urban areas, the primary contaminants of groundwater are artificial products, such as gasoline and diesel. To protect this important water resource, a series of efforts have been exerted, including enforcement and remedial actions. Each year, the TGPC （Texas Groundwater Protection Committee） in US publishes a ＂Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report＂ to describe historic and new contamination cases in each county, which is an important data source for the design of prevention strategies. In this paper, a DDM （data dependent modeling） approach is proposed to predict county-level NCC （new contamination cases）. A case study with contamination information from Harris County in Texas was conducted to illustrate the modeling and prediction process with promising results. The one-step prediction error is 1.5%, while the two-step error is 12.1%. The established model can be used at the county-level, state-level, and even at the country-level. Besides, the prediction results could be a reference during decision-making processes.

书写的历史与历史的书写——读王瑜瑜《中国古代历史剧论稿》

"历史"拥有"史实""史录""史评"三种面相。所有发生在、存在于特定时空中的人与事就是历史。"史实"指过去发生的所有事情,具有唯一性的特点。置身于"历史现场"的亲历者、目睹者或耳闻者,"如实"地记录,可称之为"史录",即"书写的历史"——历史记载或历史传说。"史录"不可能提供完全"真实"的"史实",但它们的存在可以让我们感知、探究历史,成为后来者的传统资源和文化资本、精神源泉。阅读者、阐释者再度复述、阐说、演绎"史录",呈现为"史评"。"史评"成为历史最富于生命力的一种存在形态,可以称为历史的"文化形态",将过去、现在和未来熔为一炉,锻铸成人类赖以生存与发展的文化资源,丰富着人类生生不息的精神世界。"史评"的终极旨趣,并不是对"史实"的客观"还原",而是对"史实"的主观"建构"。中国古代的历史剧就是"史评"的一种艺术形态,是一份极其丰富、宝贵的文化遗产和精神财富,值得好好珍惜,细细品味,深深发掘。

徐邦达与书画鉴定学

本文简要论述了徐邦达先生对书画鉴定学的发展,充分肯定其为书画鉴定所作出的奠基性贡献,着重总结了徐先生的鉴定方法论:即确立样板与形式比较;笔墨风格与风格把握;目鉴与考订相结合,分析了书画鉴定与美术史的关系和徐邦达的治学经验。

Carbon emissions induced by cropland expansion in Northeast China during the past 300 years

Assessments of the impacts of land use and land cover changes(LUCC) on the terrestrial carbon budget, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and CO2-related climatic change are important to understand the environmental effects of LUCC and provide information about the effects of historical carbon emissions. Using regional land cover reconstructions from historical records, with a bookkeeping model, we estimated the carbon sink changes caused by historical cropland expansion in Northeast China during the past 300 years. The conclusions are as follows:(1) There was a dramatic land reclamation of cropland during the past 300 years in Northeast China. Approximately 26% of the natural land was cultivated, and 38% of the grassland and 20% of the forest and shrubland were converted to cropland.(2) The carbon emission induced by cropland expansion between 1683 and 1980 was 1.06–2.55 Pg C, and the estimation from the moderate scenario was 1.45 Pg C. The carbon emissions of the soil carbon pool was larger than that from the vegetation carbon pool and comprised more than 2/3 of the total carbon emissions.(3) The carbon emissions of the three provinces in Northeast China were different. Heilongjiang Province had the largest carbon emissions, and Jilin Province had the second largest emissions.(4) The primary source of carbon emissions was forest reclamation(taking 60% of the total emissions in the moderate scenario), the secondary source was grassland cultivation(taking 27%), and the tertiary sources were shrubland and wetland reclamation(taking 13%). Examination on the data accuracy revealed that the high-resolution regional land cover data allowed the carbon budget to be evaluated at the county level and improved the precision of the results. The carbon emission estimation in this study was lower than those in previous studies because of the improved land use data quality and various types of land use change considered.

The identification of comets in Chinese historical records

The historical records of astronomical phenomena may play a significant role in comet identification.Getting an accurate result is based on many factors,of which the calculation of orbital elements is the most important.This paper presents a "Cross Reference" method in which the perturbation of Jupiter is the only considered factor used to attempt an efficient way of comet identification with ancient Chinese historical records.In this method,the records before and after the calculated result from orbital determination within the error range are compared with the historical records to find the correlated perihelion time,and then,with five other orbital elements at the perihelion time,the ephemeris is calculated.If the calculated ephemeris matches the historical records,it is concluded that the comet determined by orbital calculation is the same as the one recorded in history.With this method,three comets with four historical records have already been found.