AIM: To answer the question whether FHIT gene expression is affected by the family history of gastric carcinoma and the presence of Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) in the gastric mucosa of patients with dyspepsia.METHOD...AIM: To answer the question whether FHIT gene expression is affected by the family history of gastric carcinoma and the presence of Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) in the gastric mucosa of patients with dyspepsia.METHODS: FHIT gene expression in two different topographic sites of the gastric mucosa of twenty-one patients with dyspepsia and with or without familial gastric carcinoma, infected or not infected with H pylori, was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and IMAGE QUANT methods. A rapid urease test and histopathological examination were used to determine H pylori colonization.RESULTS: In the gastric mucosa of patients with family histories of gastric carcinoma, the amount of FHIT protein mRNA was reduced down to 32%, and for patients with H pylori colonization, to 24% in comparison to controls with dyspepsia and without cancer in the family. FHIT expression was independent of the topography of specimens (corpus vsantrum), and for the control patients it was less sensitive to infection with H pylori. A considerable statistical difference in FHIT levels was observed in the gastric mucosa from the corpus of patients with family histories of gastric carcinoma in respect to H pylori colonization (P = 0.06). Macroscopic evaluation of the gastric mucosa demonstrated that pathologic changes classified according to the Sydney system had no significant influence on FHIT expression within each tested group of patients.CONCLUSION: Loss of FHIT expression was observed in patients with dyspepsia and family histories of gastric carcinoma, especially those infected with H pylori. Such results may constitute an early indication of the development of gastric carcinoma, which is associated with family factors including heredity and H pylori infection. The loss of the FHIT gene may serve as a marker for early diagnosis and prevention of gastric carcinoma, especially in context of early monitoring of H pylori infection in individuals with a record of familial stomach cancer.展开更多
A revolution in Shakespeare studies over the past three decades asks that we take earlier quarto versions of his plays as fully independent texts. In no case can such a change in our outlook yield more illuminating re...A revolution in Shakespeare studies over the past three decades asks that we take earlier quarto versions of his plays as fully independent texts. In no case can such a change in our outlook yield more illuminating results than a serious look at the 1608 Quarto version of Shakespeare＇s King Lear. The 1623 Folio version and the ＂conflated＂ modem editions, which combine the ＂best＂ readings of the Quarto and Folio versions, both anoint his godson Edgar, the Earl of Gloucester, as the new king at the end. However, the 1608 Quarto version elevates, not Edgar, but Lear＇s son-in-law, the Duke of Albany, to the kingship at the end. Shakespeare may be telling the same story in texts that seem strikingly similar, but the difference in the endings shifts the center of gravity in both plays, requiring an interpretation that makes sense out this difference. The title page of the 1608 Quarto version of King Lear describes it as a ＂history＂; yet this ＂same＂ King Lear is listed as a ＂tragedy＂ in the 1623 Folio. The difference between those two words is the key to why Shakespeare＇s two versions could have startlingly different outcomes.展开更多
The article concerns the commission that was made by the Biennale di Venezia to Stravinsky in the 50s＇ which led to the composition of the Canticum Sacrum. The discovery of the correspondence between the composer, th...The article concerns the commission that was made by the Biennale di Venezia to Stravinsky in the 50s＇ which led to the composition of the Canticum Sacrum. The discovery of the correspondence between the composer, the artistic director Alessandro Piovesan and the organizers of the Venetian Festival allows to reconstruct the events that led Stravinsky to change his initial plans for a Passion selon Saint Marc in favour of a short Canticum. The objections, which concerned above all the limited size of the piece, were repeated several times by Piovesan, but were all disregarded by Stravinsky. In the light of the eight letters deposited in the Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee （ASAC） of Venice （in Appendix）, the circumstances bringing about Stravinsky＇s refusal can be fully understood. The references to recent studies by David H. Smyth, Akane Mori, and Jonathan Kramer regarding the identification of palindromic and proportional structures in the Canticum, offers further proof sustaining Stravinsky＇s declaration that to enlarge the piece would have been impossible. These events confirm the composer＇s unbending determination to undertake a new experimental stylistic direction already tried out in pieces like the Three Songs from William Shakespeare and Agon.展开更多
In 1931, Japan launched the Sept. 18th attack against China. Ever since, there have been many different views over the origin of Japan＇s road toward war, which mostly concern with Japan＇s land policy. This paper hol...In 1931, Japan launched the Sept. 18th attack against China. Ever since, there have been many different views over the origin of Japan＇s road toward war, which mostly concern with Japan＇s land policy. This paper holds that Japan＇s land policy was an evolving one and it transformed along the change of its supporters and implementers during different stages. It is mostly a contention about the different strategies on Manchuria and Mongol; the northward or the southward advance faction; the orientations of the radical military occupation or the moderate economic occupation. Interestingly, the development of Japan＇s postwar policy toward China, especially in the recent years, resembles the evolvement of Japan＇s land policy in the 19th century. They both show tendency from the economic effort to the military activity.展开更多
Although much has been written about African contributions to world civilization, the authors would like to discuss in this paper the reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of civilizations and some specific elem...Although much has been written about African contributions to world civilization, the authors would like to discuss in this paper the reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of civilizations and some specific elements of African culture found in other parts of the world. The dominant view is that the history of humankind began in Africa, particularly in East Africa （Ethiopia and Tanzania）. Human history in Africa is immensely long. In fact, both archaeological research and genetic studies strongly support the theory that the evolution of the modern human species （Homo sapiens） occurred in Africa. Thereafter, these early human beings spread rapidly from East Africa throughout Africa and the rest of the world. As they spread across the globe, the early human beings adapted to very different environments by developing the slight genetic variations which produce differences in skin color, hair, body type, and facial features. From Africa some people migrated into Asia before continuing to other parts of the world. The idea that the first Africans chose Asia when they decided to migrate provides the first link between Africans and Asians. Early Asians must be the closest cousins of the early Africans. Although there are historical, cultural, and linguistic connections between the African and Eastern Cultures, the authors will only discuss four major cultural elements. These include religious beliefs, concept of history and time, social structures, and the human body.展开更多
The Zagwe period is believed to be the richest and most artistic period of Ethiopian civilization since the conversion of Ezana though its achievements have been virtually consigned to obscurity. One of the ideologica...The Zagwe period is believed to be the richest and most artistic period of Ethiopian civilization since the conversion of Ezana though its achievements have been virtually consigned to obscurity. One of the ideological weapons which aggravated this obscurity is arguably the deep-rooted allegiance of the Kebra Nagest to the Solomonic dynasty. Contemporary researchers on Kebra Nagest seem to have underestimated the ideological onslaught of the Kebra Nagest on the Zagwe period that their contributions to the medieval Ethiopian civilization have been virtually shrouded in mystery. Thus, expatriate and compatriot authorities on the medieval Ethiopian cultural history are called upon to revisit the impacts oftbe Kob~ NSg^gt on the Zagwe period from the other end of the telescope, thereby, to reconstruct the unsung achievements of Ag^w civilization.展开更多
In order to answer the question as to how patients were treated in different historical periods, one of the most objective sources of study are pharmacy record books. The books were used for registration of all prescr...In order to answer the question as to how patients were treated in different historical periods, one of the most objective sources of study are pharmacy record books. The books were used for registration of all prescriptions based on which medicines have been produced in the pharmacy. Their contents reveal what medications were prescribed for treatment of various diseases, what kind of ingredients were used in the produce of medicines, and how much medicines cost. Lithuanian museums and archives stored dozen XIX-twentieth century the first half of prescription books. The present research analyses the prescription books of Petra^i~nai, a suburban area of the Lithuanian1 provisional capital, and a small Batakiai town in Taurage county with the population of 800, in 1935 Both books are stored in the Lithuanian Medical and Pharmaceutical History Museum. The study reveals what medicines were used for treatment of Lithuanian urban and rural residents in 1935, what the most often prescribed medicines were, specifics of the composition of medicines prescribed by doctors and a paramedic, popularity of animal medicines and the prices of medicines. The research was based on the methods of historical benchmark data processing and statistical analysis.展开更多
A re-thinking of several premise issues in Chinese historiographic theory involves reconsidering and reassessing hitherto unquestioned theoretical and historical premises, re- analyzing and re-observing Chinese histor...A re-thinking of several premise issues in Chinese historiographic theory involves reconsidering and reassessing hitherto unquestioned theoretical and historical premises, re- analyzing and re-observing Chinese history with the theoretical vision of the philosophy of history, and sorting out and correcting ideas of history. It is a process of dialectical comprehension and specific application of the core values of Marxist materialist history, involving adherence to the basic traditions of materialist history in the following areas： the starting point of historical studies, methods of comparative historical research, establishment of the facts and laws of history, explanations of historical concepts and values and integration of reality, history, theory and values, so as to develop a holistic theory and method of historical observation covering a long period and a broad span.展开更多
基金Supported by The State Committee for Scientific Research and Medical University of Lodz(No.502-15-037)
文摘AIM: To answer the question whether FHIT gene expression is affected by the family history of gastric carcinoma and the presence of Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) in the gastric mucosa of patients with dyspepsia.METHODS: FHIT gene expression in two different topographic sites of the gastric mucosa of twenty-one patients with dyspepsia and with or without familial gastric carcinoma, infected or not infected with H pylori, was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and IMAGE QUANT methods. A rapid urease test and histopathological examination were used to determine H pylori colonization.RESULTS: In the gastric mucosa of patients with family histories of gastric carcinoma, the amount of FHIT protein mRNA was reduced down to 32%, and for patients with H pylori colonization, to 24% in comparison to controls with dyspepsia and without cancer in the family. FHIT expression was independent of the topography of specimens (corpus vsantrum), and for the control patients it was less sensitive to infection with H pylori. A considerable statistical difference in FHIT levels was observed in the gastric mucosa from the corpus of patients with family histories of gastric carcinoma in respect to H pylori colonization (P = 0.06). Macroscopic evaluation of the gastric mucosa demonstrated that pathologic changes classified according to the Sydney system had no significant influence on FHIT expression within each tested group of patients.CONCLUSION: Loss of FHIT expression was observed in patients with dyspepsia and family histories of gastric carcinoma, especially those infected with H pylori. Such results may constitute an early indication of the development of gastric carcinoma, which is associated with family factors including heredity and H pylori infection. The loss of the FHIT gene may serve as a marker for early diagnosis and prevention of gastric carcinoma, especially in context of early monitoring of H pylori infection in individuals with a record of familial stomach cancer.
文摘A revolution in Shakespeare studies over the past three decades asks that we take earlier quarto versions of his plays as fully independent texts. In no case can such a change in our outlook yield more illuminating results than a serious look at the 1608 Quarto version of Shakespeare＇s King Lear. The 1623 Folio version and the ＂conflated＂ modem editions, which combine the ＂best＂ readings of the Quarto and Folio versions, both anoint his godson Edgar, the Earl of Gloucester, as the new king at the end. However, the 1608 Quarto version elevates, not Edgar, but Lear＇s son-in-law, the Duke of Albany, to the kingship at the end. Shakespeare may be telling the same story in texts that seem strikingly similar, but the difference in the endings shifts the center of gravity in both plays, requiring an interpretation that makes sense out this difference. The title page of the 1608 Quarto version of King Lear describes it as a ＂history＂; yet this ＂same＂ King Lear is listed as a ＂tragedy＂ in the 1623 Folio. The difference between those two words is the key to why Shakespeare＇s two versions could have startlingly different outcomes.
文摘The article concerns the commission that was made by the Biennale di Venezia to Stravinsky in the 50s＇ which led to the composition of the Canticum Sacrum. The discovery of the correspondence between the composer, the artistic director Alessandro Piovesan and the organizers of the Venetian Festival allows to reconstruct the events that led Stravinsky to change his initial plans for a Passion selon Saint Marc in favour of a short Canticum. The objections, which concerned above all the limited size of the piece, were repeated several times by Piovesan, but were all disregarded by Stravinsky. In the light of the eight letters deposited in the Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee （ASAC） of Venice （in Appendix）, the circumstances bringing about Stravinsky＇s refusal can be fully understood. The references to recent studies by David H. Smyth, Akane Mori, and Jonathan Kramer regarding the identification of palindromic and proportional structures in the Canticum, offers further proof sustaining Stravinsky＇s declaration that to enlarge the piece would have been impossible. These events confirm the composer＇s unbending determination to undertake a new experimental stylistic direction already tried out in pieces like the Three Songs from William Shakespeare and Agon.
文摘In 1931, Japan launched the Sept. 18th attack against China. Ever since, there have been many different views over the origin of Japan＇s road toward war, which mostly concern with Japan＇s land policy. This paper holds that Japan＇s land policy was an evolving one and it transformed along the change of its supporters and implementers during different stages. It is mostly a contention about the different strategies on Manchuria and Mongol; the northward or the southward advance faction; the orientations of the radical military occupation or the moderate economic occupation. Interestingly, the development of Japan＇s postwar policy toward China, especially in the recent years, resembles the evolvement of Japan＇s land policy in the 19th century. They both show tendency from the economic effort to the military activity.
文摘Although much has been written about African contributions to world civilization, the authors would like to discuss in this paper the reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of civilizations and some specific elements of African culture found in other parts of the world. The dominant view is that the history of humankind began in Africa, particularly in East Africa （Ethiopia and Tanzania）. Human history in Africa is immensely long. In fact, both archaeological research and genetic studies strongly support the theory that the evolution of the modern human species （Homo sapiens） occurred in Africa. Thereafter, these early human beings spread rapidly from East Africa throughout Africa and the rest of the world. As they spread across the globe, the early human beings adapted to very different environments by developing the slight genetic variations which produce differences in skin color, hair, body type, and facial features. From Africa some people migrated into Asia before continuing to other parts of the world. The idea that the first Africans chose Asia when they decided to migrate provides the first link between Africans and Asians. Early Asians must be the closest cousins of the early Africans. Although there are historical, cultural, and linguistic connections between the African and Eastern Cultures, the authors will only discuss four major cultural elements. These include religious beliefs, concept of history and time, social structures, and the human body.
文摘The Zagwe period is believed to be the richest and most artistic period of Ethiopian civilization since the conversion of Ezana though its achievements have been virtually consigned to obscurity. One of the ideological weapons which aggravated this obscurity is arguably the deep-rooted allegiance of the Kebra Nagest to the Solomonic dynasty. Contemporary researchers on Kebra Nagest seem to have underestimated the ideological onslaught of the Kebra Nagest on the Zagwe period that their contributions to the medieval Ethiopian civilization have been virtually shrouded in mystery. Thus, expatriate and compatriot authorities on the medieval Ethiopian cultural history are called upon to revisit the impacts oftbe Kob~ NSg^gt on the Zagwe period from the other end of the telescope, thereby, to reconstruct the unsung achievements of Ag^w civilization.
文摘In order to answer the question as to how patients were treated in different historical periods, one of the most objective sources of study are pharmacy record books. The books were used for registration of all prescriptions based on which medicines have been produced in the pharmacy. Their contents reveal what medications were prescribed for treatment of various diseases, what kind of ingredients were used in the produce of medicines, and how much medicines cost. Lithuanian museums and archives stored dozen XIX-twentieth century the first half of prescription books. The present research analyses the prescription books of Petra^i~nai, a suburban area of the Lithuanian1 provisional capital, and a small Batakiai town in Taurage county with the population of 800, in 1935 Both books are stored in the Lithuanian Medical and Pharmaceutical History Museum. The study reveals what medicines were used for treatment of Lithuanian urban and rural residents in 1935, what the most often prescribed medicines were, specifics of the composition of medicines prescribed by doctors and a paramedic, popularity of animal medicines and the prices of medicines. The research was based on the methods of historical benchmark data processing and statistical analysis.
文摘A re-thinking of several premise issues in Chinese historiographic theory involves reconsidering and reassessing hitherto unquestioned theoretical and historical premises, re- analyzing and re-observing Chinese history with the theoretical vision of the philosophy of history, and sorting out and correcting ideas of history. It is a process of dialectical comprehension and specific application of the core values of Marxist materialist history, involving adherence to the basic traditions of materialist history in the following areas： the starting point of historical studies, methods of comparative historical research, establishment of the facts and laws of history, explanations of historical concepts and values and integration of reality, history, theory and values, so as to develop a holistic theory and method of historical observation covering a long period and a broad span.
