The November 1948 open session of the Institute of Geological Sciences AS USSR was previously unknown,in contrast to the August 1948 session of VASKhNIL.The publication of the transcript of the session of geologists i...The November 1948 open session of the Institute of Geological Sciences AS USSR was previously unknown,in contrast to the August 1948 session of VASKhNIL.The publication of the transcript of the session of geologists is based on the original verified transcript from the Geological Institute and the Archive RAS.It presented reports on the main scientific directions of geology:stratigraphy,the Quaternary geology,lithology,geotectonics,petrography and petrology,mineralogy and geochemistry,and the geology of ore and coal deposits.This thick book details all the Q&A sessions,discussions of theories,methods,and practice among the leading Soviet geoscientists.The session and its resolution describe the situation and development of geology in the USSR in the mid-twentieth century as well as the collateral impact of the Lysenko affair on the earth sciences in the USSR.展开更多
This study was carried out at Gezira area in Central Sudan that lies between longitude 32° and 32° 50＇ and latitude 14° and 14°15＇. It dealt with the history of the sand, its source and rate of m...This study was carried out at Gezira area in Central Sudan that lies between longitude 32° and 32° 50＇ and latitude 14° and 14°15＇. It dealt with the history of the sand, its source and rate of movement towards Gezira scheme and monitored the trend of blowing sand over 10 years. To find out the origin of drifting sand, sand samples were collected from the sandy area west to the White Nile and from the study area. Heavy minerals analysis was carried out on these samples and its mineral assemblage was matched with the mineral of both sand at western bank of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. To picture the trend of moving sand, Multispectral Scanning System （MSS, 1975）, and Thematic Map （TM, 1985） were used to delineate the sandy areas and their trend with time. The rate of the blowing sand was quantified using Bottemane sand catcher. The heavy mineral results showed that the mineral of the drifting sand in the study area are quite similar to the sand of sand dune west to the White Nile indicating the same origin. The sand was transported by southern and southwestern winds through a corridor across the White Nile to its eastern bank, where the most likely water transported sediment was reworked by wind and transported further to the northeast. Between 1972 and 1985, the sand invaded the area at an average rate of about 30 km2 per year and map of 1985 demonstrated a corridor across the White Nile for sand movement. The area was subject to 7 days sand storm with an average of 35 kg/m.d and in summer time, the average amount of moving sand was about 28 kg/m.d. These results demonstrated the future hazard of drifting sand and its impact, which has to be tackled immediately to protect Gezira scheme.展开更多
When nations are threatened with violence, the choices they make in order to cope with the challenges of war reflect different alternative possible reactions. They may choose to fight their battles fiercely or they ma...When nations are threatened with violence, the choices they make in order to cope with the challenges of war reflect different alternative possible reactions. They may choose to fight their battles fiercely or they may prefer to surrender and, sometimes, the options lay in-between. The question, therefore, is what makes nations fight and, more importantly, what causes them eventually to win or lose a war. In search of an answer to this riddle, this study examines secondary sources about three historical case studies taken from the first half of the twentieth century that deal with the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Norway, and the Soviet Union. It concentrates on the part played by national ethos regarding the manner in which each of them handled their wars in moments of crisis and reveals how national ethos is intertwined with another phenomenon of social psychology that turns it into a crucial factor in the management of international campaigns： enthusiasm for war. A wide historical perspective, however, shows that even though the right kind of national ethos is essential for winning a war, it is far from being enough. Hence national ethos proves, at the end of the day, to be a necessary condition for military victory, but certainly not a sufficient one.展开更多
2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Al...2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.展开更多
文摘The November 1948 open session of the Institute of Geological Sciences AS USSR was previously unknown,in contrast to the August 1948 session of VASKhNIL.The publication of the transcript of the session of geologists is based on the original verified transcript from the Geological Institute and the Archive RAS.It presented reports on the main scientific directions of geology:stratigraphy,the Quaternary geology,lithology,geotectonics,petrography and petrology,mineralogy and geochemistry,and the geology of ore and coal deposits.This thick book details all the Q&A sessions,discussions of theories,methods,and practice among the leading Soviet geoscientists.The session and its resolution describe the situation and development of geology in the USSR in the mid-twentieth century as well as the collateral impact of the Lysenko affair on the earth sciences in the USSR.
文摘This study was carried out at Gezira area in Central Sudan that lies between longitude 32° and 32° 50＇ and latitude 14° and 14°15＇. It dealt with the history of the sand, its source and rate of movement towards Gezira scheme and monitored the trend of blowing sand over 10 years. To find out the origin of drifting sand, sand samples were collected from the sandy area west to the White Nile and from the study area. Heavy minerals analysis was carried out on these samples and its mineral assemblage was matched with the mineral of both sand at western bank of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. To picture the trend of moving sand, Multispectral Scanning System （MSS, 1975）, and Thematic Map （TM, 1985） were used to delineate the sandy areas and their trend with time. The rate of the blowing sand was quantified using Bottemane sand catcher. The heavy mineral results showed that the mineral of the drifting sand in the study area are quite similar to the sand of sand dune west to the White Nile indicating the same origin. The sand was transported by southern and southwestern winds through a corridor across the White Nile to its eastern bank, where the most likely water transported sediment was reworked by wind and transported further to the northeast. Between 1972 and 1985, the sand invaded the area at an average rate of about 30 km2 per year and map of 1985 demonstrated a corridor across the White Nile for sand movement. The area was subject to 7 days sand storm with an average of 35 kg/m.d and in summer time, the average amount of moving sand was about 28 kg/m.d. These results demonstrated the future hazard of drifting sand and its impact, which has to be tackled immediately to protect Gezira scheme.
文摘When nations are threatened with violence, the choices they make in order to cope with the challenges of war reflect different alternative possible reactions. They may choose to fight their battles fiercely or they may prefer to surrender and, sometimes, the options lay in-between. The question, therefore, is what makes nations fight and, more importantly, what causes them eventually to win or lose a war. In search of an answer to this riddle, this study examines secondary sources about three historical case studies taken from the first half of the twentieth century that deal with the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Norway, and the Soviet Union. It concentrates on the part played by national ethos regarding the manner in which each of them handled their wars in moments of crisis and reveals how national ethos is intertwined with another phenomenon of social psychology that turns it into a crucial factor in the management of international campaigns： enthusiasm for war. A wide historical perspective, however, shows that even though the right kind of national ethos is essential for winning a war, it is far from being enough. Hence national ethos proves, at the end of the day, to be a necessary condition for military victory, but certainly not a sufficient one.
文摘2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.
