《红楼梦》与丰润画家

孙温、孙允谟绘画风格及兴趣之差异主要表现为:孙温在传统工笔基础上吸纳了海西法的焦点透视和明暗画法,呈现出中西交融的特点;孙允谟常作写意山水、多用墨笔,兼及人物、花鸟。孙允谟画技较孙温为次。清末丰润画坊以绘素斋规模最大,坊主曹铨的春宫画畅销中外。孙温与嘉道时期的丰润画师叶成学在画风上高度相似,极有可能师从叶氏。丰润与《红楼梦》在历史中结下了深厚情缘。

Chemical constituents from the roots of Polygala sibirica L.

To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots ofPolygala sibirica L. The separation and purification were performed by solvent extraction and repeated chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS columns, and semiprep. HPLC. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Twelve known compounds were isolated and identified as tenuifoliside A （1）, tenuifoliside B （2）, glomeratose A （3）, 3＇,6-disinapoyl sucrose （4）, sibiricose A5 （5）, sibiricose A6 （6）, sibiricose A1 （7）, sibiricose A2 （8）, polygalatenoside E （9）, 1-O-L-arabinopyranosyl-O-（6→1）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-salicylate （10）, canthoside A （11）, and methyl- 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate （12）. Compound 11 was obtained from genus Polygala for the first time, and compounds 2, 9, 10 and 12 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Broad Bean Diseased Leaves

[Objective] The aim was to indentify diseased leaves of broad bean by vibra- tional spectroscopy. [Method] In this paper, broad bean rust, fusarium rhizome rot, broad bean zonate spot, yellow leaf curl virus and normal leaves were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. [Result] The spectra of the samples were similar, only with minor differences in absorption inten- sity of several peaks. Second derivative analyses show that the significant difference of all samples was in the range of 1 200-700 cm2. The data in the range of 1 200- 700 cm＇ were selected to evaluate correlation coefficients, hierarchical cluster analy- sis （HCA） and principal component analysis （PCA）. Results showed that the correla- tion coefficients are larger than 0.928 not only between the healthy leaves, but also between the same diseased leaves. The values between healthy and diseased leaves, and among diseased leaves, are all declined. HCA and PCA yielded about 73.3% and 82.2% accuracy, respectively. [Conclusion] This study demonstrated that FTIR techniques might be used to detect crop diseases.

Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Bamboo Leaves Using HS-GC/MS

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the volatile constituents in bamboo leaves. [Method] The volatile compositions in bamboo leaves were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （HS-GC/MS）, and identified by searching their mass spectra in NIST database. The relative percentages of them were calculated by the GC peak areas. [Result] Fifty-three chemical constituents in bamboo leaves were separated. Among them, the main components were alcohols, ketones and aldehydes, and these compounds contained unsaturated bonds. [Con- clusion] HS-GC/MS was simple and less sample-demanding and can be used for rapid analysis of volatile constituents in bamboo leaves and provide scientific basis for further research and development of bamboo leaves.

Quality Evaluation and Comprehensive Analysis of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaf in Fuzhou

The appearance quality, physical properties, chemical components and sensory quality of 69 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples from 6 counties of Fuzhou City in 2013 were analyzed and evaluated, and were compared with those in southeast area of China. The results showed that the flue-cured tobacco leaves in Fuzhou in 2013 had better hygroscopicity, toughness and filling ability, as well as suitable dragging force. However, some of the tobacco leaves were slightly thin, and had relatively high stem ratio. The tobacco leaves in Fuzhou had higher potassium content, lower starch content, and higher potassium to chlorine ratio. The middle tobacco leaves had better coordination of chemical components and general sensory quality（medium to medium-super level）. Most upper and middle flue-cured tobacco leaf samples had medium-super aroma quality, relatively sufficient aroma quantity,and relatively concentrated smoke; while the lower flue-cured tobacco leaves had little aroma quantity and insufficient smoke. The appearance quality score of lower tobacco leaf samples in Fuzhou in 2013 was slightly lower than that in southeastand whole China. The scores of maturity and leaf structure of middle tobacco leaves in Fuzhou were equivalent to those in southeast China and the national averages.The upper leaves in Fuzhou obtained an equivalent score in oil content and slightly lower scores in other indexes as compared with those in southeast China.The middle-lower tobacco leaves in Fuzhou had better hygroscopicity and toughness compared with those in southeastand whole China. The total alkaloid content per plant andreducing sugar content and potassium content in the middle and lower parts were higher than those in southeast and whole China. However, the scores of coordination of chemical components of lower and upper tobacco leaves in Fuzhou were slightly lower than those in southeast and whole China. The sensory quality of the 3 parts of tobacco leaves in Fuzhou were similar to that in southeast and whole China, but the score of consistency of upper tobacco leaves in Fuzhou was slightly higher.

Effects of Tobacco-rice Continuous Cropping Years on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Tobacco Yield and Quality

To investigate the effects of long term tobacco-rice continuous cropping on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco leaf yield and quality, the soils of different con- tinuous cropping years were selected in tobacco-rice multiple system of Hengyang. Some important indexes, including pH, contents of organic matter and available nu- trients of N P K, contents of medium trace elements of soil samples, and contents of main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco samples were detected for fur- ther analyzing. The results showed that pH value of moderate continuous cropping soil（≤7 years） was more coordinated, in addition, leaf yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were contained, and the sugar-nicotine ratio and potassium-chlorine ratio were proper. However, under long-term continuous cropping （≥10 years） condition, the soil became acidification, and yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco de- clined. It was suggested that improving soil quality by planting green manure or keeping fallow after continuous cropping 7 years in tobacco-rice system.

Three-Stage Six-Step Flue-Curing Technology for Viginia Tobacco Leaves and Its Application in China

In order to overcome the problem that the leaf yellowing stage in tobacco curing reduces the fragrance of the product, this study introduced the principle and key parameters of a three-stage six-step curing technology. The field trail was conducted in Wulong county of Chongqing city in 2010, and Virginia K326 was the tested cultivar. The middle leaves were harvested and plaited after maturity, and then cured with the three-stage six-step curing technology and traditional three-stage curing technology, respectively. Three replicates were established for each of the two curing technologies. Then, chemical constituents, aromatic substances and smoking quality were analyzed. The results show that compared with the traditional three-stage curing technology, the three-stage six-step curing technology produces more suitable ratios of chemical constituents, higher aromatic component content and higher smoking quality grade of tobacco leaves. Therefore, the continuous improvement of corollary equipment and matching technologies is expected to widen the applications of the three-stage six-step curing technology in tobacco and provide a strong technical support for the development of the tobacco industry.

Contemporary Analytic Philosophy and Bayesian Subjectivism： Why Both Are Incoherent

My purpose in this paper is to argue for two separate, but related theses. The first is that contemporary analytic philosophy is incoherent. This is so, I argue, because its methods contain as an essential constituent a non-classical conception of intuition that cannot be rendered consistent with a key tenet of analytic philosophy unless we allow a Bayesian-subjectivist epistemology. I argue for this within a discussion of two theories of intuition： a classical account as proposed by Descartes and a modem reliabilist account as proposed by Komblith, maintaining that reliabilist accounts require a commitment to Bayesian subjectivism about probability. However, and this is the second thesis, Bayesian subjecfivism is itself logically incoherent given three simple assumptions： （1） some empirical propositions are known, （2） any proposition that is known is assigned a degree of subjective credence of 1, and （3） every empirical proposition is evidentially relevant to at least one other proposition. I establish this using a formal reductio proof. I argue for the t-u-st thesis in section 1 and for the second in section 2. The final section contains a summary and conclusion.

Effect of Controlled Atmosphere Storage(CAS)Technology of Flue-cured Tobacco Laminas on the Alcoholization Quality of Tobacco

To achieve the continuous maintainence of optimum quality state of flue- cured tobacco laminas and the effective regulation and control on alcoholization time for controlled atmosphere storage （CAS） method in the process of storage, the lam- ina samples of natural alcoholization for 1 year were selected. Comparable analysis on the appearance quality, chemical components and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas in the process of alcoholization was carried out by using the meth- ods of CAS and natural alcoholization. The results showed that appearance and color through the treatment of natural alcoholization were deep, browning and ac- companied by the phenomenon of oil, while color scale of flue-cured tobacco lami- nas through the treatment of CAS was uniform, fullness was better, and these two methods were close or identical after opening for 3 months. The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar during the process of alcoholization were also gradually decreased, but the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar of laminas via CAS was higher than that of the natural alcoholization treatment. Compared with the natural alcoholization,the descending trends of total nitrogen and nicotine contents during CAS were gentler, the ratio via CAS was closer to 1, and the coordination of chemical components was more superior. During the period of alcoholization for 6 to 12 months, sensory quality of laminas via the natural alcoholization treatment was more superior than that of CAS treatment. However, after 18 months of alcoholiza- tion, sensory quality of laminas via the CAS treatment was more superior than that of the natural alcoholization treatment, and the CAS treatment could improve opti- mum sensory quality by 0.5 to 1.5 scores. Additionally, the CAS treatment could prolong the time of optimum alcoholization quality for 6 months, compared with the treatment of natural alcoholization. The CAS method could influence the alcohoJiza- tion quality of flue-cured tobacco laminas and prolong the retention period of opti- mum quality status for flue-cured tobacco laminas by regulating the environmental aas composition, thereby realizin.q quality control of flue-cured tobacco laminas.

Comparative analysis of chemical components between barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The chemical components of the essential oils in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were analyzed and compared by chromatograms and mass spectra technique, heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA) algorithms and normalization method based on the peak areas; the flavones in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were separated on an ODS column by gradient elution carried out with the flow phase consisting of water, methanol and phosphoric acid (0.1%), and their contents were quantitatively determined by standard curve method and diode array detection (DAD) at 362 nm. The results show that 68 and 73 compounds respectively from essential oils of the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are identified, and there are 33 mutual compounds among 108 compounds determined. The total contents of these volatile components of the two samples possess 92.9% and 97.75% of the gross of the relevant essential oils, respectively; the contents of the rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver are 0.016 9, 0.003 6, 0.002 1 and 0.064 4, 0.030 2, 0.010 0 mg/g, respectively, and the determination recoveries are 95.2%-106.2%. The comparative analysis shows that for the barks and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, there are significant differences in their components of the relevant essential oils and flavones.

Study on the separation and mechanism of the enzymolysis of Dioscorea Zingiberensis

Based on a through study of the chemical compositions of Dioscorea Zingiberensis, a new separation technology is presented in this paper. This technology can effectively separate the starch and cellulose from Dioscorea Zingiberensis, thus the output of diosgenin is raised by 20%. Meanwhile using the suspension after separation, the synergy of enzymes, which are under the best condition for enzymolysis is studied, and an enzymolysis model, which uses two enzymes at the same time, is established. This model provides a theoretical basis for finding new enzyme resources. What＇s more orthogonal experiments show that by using this model, either the output of diosgenin can be increased by 50.58% or the amount of acid used can be reduced by 83% which means less pollution.

A novel multimode process monitoring method integrating LCGMM with modified LFDA

Complex processes often work with multiple operation regions, it is critical to develop effective monitoring approaches to ensure the safety of chemical processes. In this work, a discriminant local consistency Gaussian mixture model(DLCGMM) for multimode process monitoring is proposed for multimode process monitoring by integrating LCGMM with modified local Fisher discriminant analysis(MLFDA). Different from Fisher discriminant analysis(FDA) that aims to discover the global optimal discriminant directions, MLFDA is capable of uncovering multimodality and local structure of the data by exploiting the posterior probabilities of observations within clusters calculated from the results of LCGMM. This may enable MLFDA to capture more meaningful discriminant information hidden in the high-dimensional multimode observations comparing to FDA. Contrary to most existing multimode process monitoring approaches, DLCGMM performs LCGMM and MFLDA iteratively, and the optimal subspaces with multi-Gaussianity and the optimal discriminant projection vectors are simultaneously achieved in the framework of supervised and unsupervised learning. Furthermore, monitoring statistics are established on each cluster that represents a specific operation condition and two global Bayesian inference-based fault monitoring indexes are established by combining with all the monitoring results of all clusters. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method are evaluated through UCI datasets, a simulated multimode model and the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process.

Chemical constituents of Rhodiola kirilowii Maxim.

Chemical constituents of the whole herb of Rhodiola kirilowii(Regl) Maxim.were investigated.The separation of the constituents was achieved by using a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over silica gel,ODS,Sephadex LH-20 and reversed-phase HPLC.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.Eleven compounds were obtained and identified as 4-hydroxyphenylethyl-(4'- methoxyphenylethyl)ether(1),1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate)-β-D-glucopyranose(2),4-ethoxy-phenylethanol acetate(3),p-hydroxyacetophenone (4),p-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethylester(5),4-hydroxybenzoic acid(6),4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(7),R(-)-mellein (8),stigmasterol(9),4-methoxy-phenylethanol(10),and methylgallate(11).Among them,1 and 2 are new compounds; compounds 3,5,7,8,and 10 were isolated from Rhodiola genus for the first time;and compounds 4,6,9,and 11 were isolated from Rhodiola kirilowii(Regl) Maxim.for the first time.

Sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Artemisia vestita Wall.

A chemical investigation of the aerial parts ofArtemisia vestita Wall. led to the isolation of 12 known sesquiterpenes, including 2 furan-containing sesquiterpenoids and 10 eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones. Their structures were identified as negunfurol （1）, schensianol A （2）, artemine （3）, erivanin （4）, 1,5-diepi-artemin （5）, acetylartemin （6）, naphtho[1,2-b]furan-2（3H）-one, 6-（acetyloxy） decahydro-9a-hydroxy-3,Sa-dimethyl-9-methylene-（3S,3aS,5aS,6S,9aS, ghS） （7）, naphtho[1,2-b]furan-2（3H）-one, 6-（acetyloxy）- 3a,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9b-octahydro-8-hydroxy-3,Sa,9-trimethyl- （3S,3aS, SaR,6S, SS,9bS） （8）, isoerivanin （9）, harrelierin （10）, （11S）-1- oxoeudesm-4（14）-eno-13,6a-lactone （11）, 1-epi-dehydroisoeranin （12）, respectively. All of these compounds were isolated from Artemisia vestita for the first time, and compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the genus Artemisia for the first time.

Triterpenoids from the stems of Uncaria macrophylla

Nineteen triterpenoids, including eleven ursane triterpenoids and eight olenane triterpenoids, were isolated from the stems of Uncaria macrophylla Wall. by comprehensive chromatographic methods. Structure elucidation of the compounds was succeeded by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Twelve compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time, among which six compounds were obtained from the genus Uncaria for the first time.

Flavonoids from Artemisia gmelinii Web. ex Stechm.

Phytochemical investigation of Artemisia gmelinii Web. ex Stechm. led to the isolation of 11 known flavonoids. Their structures were identified as genkwanin（1）, hispidulin（2）, 3＇-hydroxy-genkwanin（3）, chrysoeriol（4）, apigenin（5）, 5,7,3＇,4＇-tetrahydroxy-6,5＇-dimethoxy-flavone（6）, kumatakenin（7）, quercetin（8）, patuletin（9）, quercetagetin-3,6,7-trimethylether（10） and 7,3＇,4＇-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-flavone（11） by spectroscopic methods. Ten compounds（2–11） were isolated from this title plant for the first time, and five compounds（3, 6, 7, 10 and 11） were isolated from genus Artemisia for the first time.

Anti-neuroinflammatory constituents from Artemisia argyi

Chemical constituents of the leaves of Artemisia argyi were investigated. By using a variety of chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic methods, six compounds were isolated and identified as follows： clemaphenol A （1）, aurantiamide acetate （2）, camelliagenin A （3）, japonica acid （4）, labd-13（E）-ene-8α,15-diol （5）, and 313-acetoxy-20-oxo-21-nordammaran-23-oic acid （6）. Among these products, compounds 1 and 3-6 were obtained from the genus Artemisia for the first time and compound 2 was firstly reported from the species. Additionally, compound 5 displayed an inhibitory effect against the lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced nitric oxide （NO） production in BV-2 microglial cells with an IC50 value of 6.68 μM.