高寒草原优势种叶片结构变化与生态因子的关系

为了揭示青藏高原高寒草原优势物种青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)和紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)对高原特殊环境的适应性,该文研究了它们的叶片结构在自然环境梯度下的变化以及这些变化与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明:这两个物种叶片的大多数结构特征在各个样地间变化显著,其结构特征与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系。紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量的增高而减小,下表皮细胞厚度和韧皮部面积随生长季云盖度的增高而增加,单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温的降低而增厚,泡状细胞厚度(径向直径)随大陆度的增强而增加,上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH值的增大而增大,导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤速效P含量的增高而增加。青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅,仅维管组织指标变异系数小于紫花针茅。

叶面施锌对不同水稻品种稻米锌营养的影响及其机理

研究水稻灌浆早期叶面施锌对稻米锌浓度及其生物有效性的影响及其与叶片气孔特征的关系,旨在为稻作生产上生物强化策略的制订提供参考依据。2016—2017年在土培条件下,以6个水稻品种为供试材料,于抽穗期、抽穗后6d和12d叶面喷施0.2%ZnSO4共3次,以喷施等量清水为对照,抽穗灌浆期测定剑叶气孔导度和气孔结构,成熟期测定产量性状、糙米锌浓度、植酸浓度和植酸与锌的摩尔比。结果表明,尽管叶面施锌对水稻籽粒产量无显著影响,但显著改变稻米的锌含量水平。与对照相比,锌处理使两年所有品种糙米锌浓度平均增加27.9%(P<0.01)。锌处理对各品种糙米植酸浓度没有影响,但使植酸与锌摩尔比平均下降23.4%(P<0.01)。灌浆期叶面施锌对糙米锌浓度、植酸与锌摩尔比的影响因品种而异,表现在锌处理与品种间存在明显的互作效应,其中3个低锌水稻品种的响应明显大于3个高锌水稻品种。相关分析表明,叶面施锌导致糙米锌浓度的增幅与灌浆早期气孔导度呈显著正相关,但与气孔长度和密度相关不密切。水稻灌浆初期叶面施锌可大幅增加糙米锌浓度及其生物有效性,增幅因品种不同而异;水稻本身锌水平低,叶片气孔导度大均有利于叶面锌肥的吸收。

水稻花后叶面锌和尿素配施对稻米锌营养的影响

为研究水稻花后单独叶面施锌及配施尿素对不同品种糙米和精米锌含量及生物有效性的影响及其原因,以11个种子锌含量不同的水稻品种为试验材料,于开花期、花后6 d和12 d叶面分别喷施0.5%ZnSO_(4)(ZnSO_(4))和0.5%ZnSO_(4)+1%尿素(ZnSO_(4)-Urea),同期喷施等量清水作为对照,测定各品种成熟期糙米和精米的锌营养指标及花后剑叶气孔相关性状。结果表明:与精米相比,糙米的锌含量、植酸含量和植酸与锌摩尔比平均分别极显著增加31%、222%和151%。ZnSO_(4)、ZnSO_(4)-Urea处理使糙米锌含量较对照分别极显著增加28.2%和31.5%,精米锌含量分别极显著增加22.2%和27.6%。ZnSO_(4)、ZnSO_(4)-Urea处理对糙米、精米植酸含量均没有影响,但植酸与锌摩尔比均极显著降低,其中糙米两处理下均降低24.3%,精米则分别降低17.2%、20.3%。锌处理与品种或部位的互作对稻米锌含量有极显著影响,锌处理与部位的互作对植酸与锌摩尔比亦有极显著影响。相关分析表明,糙米及精米锌含量在叶面施锌后的增幅与开花期气孔导度均呈极显著正相关,而与稻米本身的锌含量呈显著负相关。由此可知,花后叶面施锌处理使稻米锌营养水平明显增加,增幅总体表现为籼稻大于粳稻,糙米大于精米,叶面锌肥与尿素配施效果更好;水稻种子锌水平低及其叶片气孔导度大均有利于叶面锌肥的吸收。

Salt＇s Effect on Anatomy and Deformity of Pistacia vera Nut

This study attempts to examine the effects of salinity on leaf, stem, and nut of Pistacia vera （Ohady and Kaleh Ghochi cultivars） in order to characterize their anatomical structures with electron and light microscopy. A comparative study of the anatomy indicates a difference between the density of simple and glandular trichomes in leaf surface, deposit of wax, the thickness of leaf, the length of epidermal cells, palisade parenchyma cells, crystals in mesophyll, and the manner of compatibility to salinity. The results obtained in this research demonstrate that compatibility of Ohady cultivar is higher than Kaleh Ghochi and the degree of mechanical wounding depends on their development stages. In addition to results of previous studies which considered crop load as the main cause of fruit deformity. The present study indicates that, in spite of some reduction in total production of a tree, salinity decreases fruit deformity and to a high extent prevents the production of deformed fruit. Indeed, a remarkable reduction in production of deformed fruit will be yielded by selecting pistachio varieties which are resistant to salinity. Moreover, salinity increases the resistance of nuts to mechanical wounding. The results of this study suggest that in EC = 7.6, 12.6 deformity of nut is not related to crop load.