热带睡莲展叶前后叶片形态结构差异与叶脐胎芽发育的关系

以热带胎生睡莲‘鲁比’(Nymphaea ‘Ruby’)和‘蓝鸟’(N.‘Blue Bird’)的胎生与非胎生叶片为材料,非胎生睡莲‘蓝星’(N.‘Colorata’)叶片为对照(CK),测定并比较3个品种的叶片形态特征参数,并采用石蜡切片技术观察卷叶期和展叶后的叶片解剖结构,旨在探讨热带睡莲叶片形态特征与胎芽发育的关系。结果表明:3个品种均具有典型的热带睡莲特征‘,鲁比’和‘蓝鸟’的胎生叶片除叶脐形成胎芽以外,叶长、叶宽和叶面积略低于非胎生叶片,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),而叶片解剖结构特征参数随着叶片的发育发生了改变。胎生睡莲展叶后叶片上、下表皮以及海绵组织厚度较卷叶期变薄,均高于非胎生叶片,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比较卷叶期增加,且低于非胎生叶片,说明胎芽的发育导致栅栏组织结构紧密度降低,而海绵组织结构疏松度增加,但与叶片整体厚度无关;非胎生品种‘蓝星’叶片栅海比和细胞结构紧密度均显著高于胎生品种的叶片。各指标的可塑性变异较高,且存在一定的相关关系,具有明显的协同进化趋势。主成分分析显示,上下表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅海比、叶片组织结构紧密度和疏松度均可视为反映睡莲胎生叶片解剖结构特征的主要指标。因此,胎生叶片通过改变叶肉组织结构的方式来响应胎萌的发生。

Histological Study on Soybean Somatic Embryogenesis

Soybean somatic cell could induce the development of embryoid which was similar to embryo morphologically and structurally. Somatic embryogenesis system of soybean was used to conduct genetic transformation of soybean because of its several advantages such as higher transformational efficiency, beetter synchronism and fewer plant chimeras among transgenic plants. After infected with agrobacterium tumefaciens,the initiation, differentiation and development of young cotyledon embryogenic cell of soybean which was cultured on selective culture medium with kanamycin were investigated through histological study. The result showed that somatic embryo was differentiated in non-bud differentiation way. The embryogenic cells were differentiated from epidermis of explant or cells in 1 layer or 2 layers, with the division of embryogenic cells and degradation and disorganization of surrounding cells, the embryogenic cells would form embryoid with analogous suspensor structure. Later, globular embryoid would extrude from epidermis then developed into heart-shape embryo. The experiment was expected to provide theoretical reference for the construction of high transformational system of using plant somatic embryogenesis induced by young cotyledon of soybean.

The Structure of Oryza Embryos and Their Dimorphic Cotyledons

It has been generally held in botany that Oryza sativa L. is a monocotyledon. Based on studies of rice embryo development we confirmed that rice embryo has two dimorphic cotyledons rather than just one cotyledon. In the present study we attempt to know if the morphology of embryos in other species of Oryza differs from O. sativa and if these embryos have dimorphic cotyledon. Two types of embryo structures were observed in 22 species and/or subspecies of genus Oryza under the scanning electron microscope. Type 1, the O.sativa type, which is characterized by ventral scale and lateral scales, was found in 16 species. Type 2, the O. meyeriana (Zoll. et Mor. ex Steud.) Baill. ssp. tuberculata W. C. Wu et Y. G. Lu, G. C. Wang type, with no ventral scale and lateral scales, was found in 6 species and subspecies. The embryogenic process of O.sativa and O.meyeriana sub. tuberculata showed that the scutellum primordium, coleorhiza primordium, coleoptile primordium and shoot apical meristem directly differentiate from proembryo. The former two later develop into the embryo envelope, which is the outside cotyledon; the coleoptile primordium develops into the coleoptile with the shape of inverted empty cone surrounding and covering the growth cone, which is the apical cotyledon. Both types of rice embryos have dimorphic cotyledons. The structural difference between them is that the scutellum primordium of the young embryo in type 2 does not differentiate ventral scale and lateral scales while the embryo of type 1 does. The dimorphic cotyledons of embryo of Oryza plants originate from the dorsiventrality of proembryo.

Preliminary Investigation on Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Cotyledon Explants of Shea （Vitellaria paradoxa G,）

Long juvenile phase and lack of effective protocols for large scale vegetative propagation are limitations to domestication and improvement of the shea tree. The present study seeks to develop a protocol for plant regeneration of shea （Vitellaria paradoxa） from immature cotyledon explants. Embryogenic callus cultures were induced on Murashige and Skoog medium （MS） containing 3% sucrose, 0.24% Phytagel, and various concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D） after four weeks of culture in darkness. Rates of embryogenic callus induction were significantly affected by the addition of 2, 4-D to the medium. Within 28 days of culture, the highest percentage of embyogenic calli （77.61%） occurred on MS media containing 0.45 ~tM of 2,4-D in the dark. Somatic embryos were obtained by culturing embryogenic callus （in the dark） on MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose, 0.24% phytagel and devoid of growth regulators. Culturing at 16 h photoperiod restricted both the induction of embryogenic calli cultures and somatic embryos. Somatic embryos germinated, developed shoots and rooted vigorously on MS medium devoid of growth regulators. Germinated plantlets were acclimatized, successfully.