“A limited company is more than a mere judicial entity, with a personality in law of its own： Behind it, or amongst it, there are individuals, with rights, expectations and obligations inter se”. The competitive at...“A limited company is more than a mere judicial entity, with a personality in law of its own： Behind it, or amongst it, there are individuals, with rights, expectations and obligations inter se”. The competitive attitude of the member states of the EU （European Union）, to become the most attractive for companies results in law reforms aiming at more flexible conflict between shareholders. Besides, the economic objective of avoiding a company＇s dissolution, the English, Dutch, and Belgian exit proceedings for the settlement of disputes between shareholders set up a social objective： protecting the interests of the minority shareholder of a private limited company. The paper consists of four chapters. The introduction lays out the necessity of buy-outs for shareholders of a private limited company. The first chapter describes the different facts justifying the buy-out of a shareholder on the basis of serious grounds. The second chapter presents the findings of a comparative research of the valuation of the shares transferred in an English, Dutch, and Belgian procedure. Finally, the conclusion summarises in which way the English, Dutch, and Belgian legal system protect the interests of the minority shareholder of a private limited company.展开更多
This paper studies incentive effect and entrenchment effect of the largest shareholder. Author investigates 763 listed companies in SHSE, explores the statistical relationship between the largest shareholding and corp...This paper studies incentive effect and entrenchment effect of the largest shareholder. Author investigates 763 listed companies in SHSE, explores the statistical relationship between the largest shareholding and corporate performance. Author observes that the largest shareholder has the incentive effect and entrenchment effect on corporate valuation. Empirical relationship between the largest shareholding and corporate valuation shows that the firm value decreases with the equity ownership of the largest shareholders, consistent with a negative entrenchment effect, when the largest equity ownership is below 40.28% of the whole share. Then firm value rises when the proportion of the largest shareholder＇s rights was increased to 69.29%, being consistent with a positive incentive effect. But with the increase of the share of the largest shareholding, firm value falls again.展开更多
When the relationship between the government and the citizens is taken into consideration, at the times when the government is misusing its power, the citizens may express themselves about the injustice in various way...When the relationship between the government and the citizens is taken into consideration, at the times when the government is misusing its power, the citizens may express themselves about the injustice in various ways and civil disobedience is one of them. If the injustice still exists after all the judicial proceedings are taken, then, this act that has nonviolence as its fundamental philosophy is seen to take place. The most important representatives of civil disobedience in the world are Socrates, Henry David Thoreau, M. Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. These thinkers with their discourses and actions put forth what constitutes as civil disobedience and set an example to other societies. In this study, firstly, the aforementioned notion of civil disobedience is explained. Then, some demonstrations that took place in Turkey are evaluated in the framework of civil disobedience. The aim is to determine whether or not these demonstrations can be considered as examples of ＂civil disobedience＂. Also, the reasons why some of these demonstrations are not in the scope of civil disobedience are discussed. In this study, depiction and historical methods are used.展开更多
In early China, ordinary people had a ＂right＂ to demand for justice and they often exerted that ＂right＂. Due to the nature of our sources, which are preoccupied with the concerns of the governing elite, the ordina...In early China, ordinary people had a ＂right＂ to demand for justice and they often exerted that ＂right＂. Due to the nature of our sources, which are preoccupied with the concerns of the governing elite, the ordinary people＇s voices are often lost, but even the scanty evidence that we have suggests that ordinary people did not always passively wait for justice to be delivered to them by the authorities. On one hand, the elites recognized that all human being had the sense of justice and its expression was a natural tendency, on the other hand, ordinary people and elites actively demanded justice at least in three ways： they cried out to redress the injustices they had encountered; they honored the impartial judges for their honesty and fairness; and they protested against injustices through collective actions.展开更多
In addition to the conventional methods of the calibration model construction, such as PCR （principal components regression） and PLS （partial least-squares）, a MPM （mathematical programming method） is developed ...In addition to the conventional methods of the calibration model construction, such as PCR （principal components regression） and PLS （partial least-squares）, a MPM （mathematical programming method） is developed and proposed for practical use in NIR analyses of agricultural and food products. The proposed method involves the mathematical programming techniques to seek the regression coefficients for the calibration model calculation. It is based on the optimization theory used for finding the extremum of the objective function in the given domain of a vector space and employs the method of the complementarity problems solving. The MPM algorithm is described in detail. The MPM was tested on an InfraLUM FT-10 NIR analyzer of Lumex company with samples of dry milk （for fat）, corn （for protein） and rye flour （for moisture）. The obtained results show that the MPM can be used for constructing multivariate calibrations with the qualitative characteristics superior over those of the classical PCR and PLS methods of analysis.展开更多
Our previously described environmental DNA extraction method has been widely used in environmental microbial community analysis. However, residual humic substances may remain with obtained environmental DNA, which int...Our previously described environmental DNA extraction method has been widely used in environmental microbial community analysis. However, residual humic substances may remain with obtained environmental DNA, which interferes downstream molecular analyses. To remedy this situation, two DNA extraction buffers （PIPES and Tris-HCl） and four purification strategies including our new modified low melting point gel purification method and three commercial kits from QIAEX, Omega and Promega were evaluated with diverse soil samples. The PIPES buffer （pH 6.5） is found to be more effective for removing the humic substances, but it leads to lower DNA yield and causes more severe DNA shearing than using the Tris-HC1 buffer （pH 8.0）. Gel purification and the Promega purification kit achieve much higher DNA recoveries than QIAEX or Omega kit, and higher purity of DNA is obtained by gel purification than by the Promega kit with both DNA extraction buffers mentioned above. Considering all results together, two alternative methods for DNA extraction and purification are proposed： one uses Tris-HCl buffer extraction and gel purification as the primary approach when the amount of soil or biomass is not a major concern, and the other uses PIPES buffer extraction and the Promega kit purification when severe DNA shearing and/or limited biomass occurs. Purified DNA samples by both methods are amenable for use as templates for whole community genome amplifications and PCR amplifications of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. It is demonstrated that these two alternative methods could be applied to a wide variety of environmental samples.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of severe acute pan- creatitis(SAP)on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction(DCQD)components in rats. METHODS:Rats were divided into SAP group and sham-operation group as a control gro...AIM:To investigate the effect of severe acute pan- creatitis(SAP)on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction(DCQD)components in rats. METHODS:Rats were divided into SAP group and sham-operation group as a control group(n=6). Rhein,chrysophanol,rheochrysidin,magnolol,hesperidin and naringin in DCQD were quantified in rat serum by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for studying their pharmacokinetics. RESULTS:Early absorption of each DCQD component was tended to degrade in SAP group after treatment with DCQD by gavage.The Cmax(chrysophanol,P= 0.0059;rheochrysidin,P=0.0288;magnolol,P= 0.0487;hesperidin,P=0.0277;naringin,P=0.0023) and AUC(rhein,P=0.0186;chrysophanol,P=0.0013; magnolol,P=0.001;hesperidin,P=0.0081;naringin, P=0.0272)of DCQD component were obviously lower in SAP group than in control group.The T1/2α of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0467 and 0.0005,respectively)and Tmax of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0101 and 0.0037,respectively) lasted longer in SAP group than in control group. CONCLUSION:SAP can significantly impact the ab-sorption of DCQD components in rats and their phar-macokinetic parameters.展开更多
Capital market participants take seriously into consideration the value relevance of earnings for security valuation. This study examines the value relevance of earnings when earnings are transitory, i.e., there is gr...Capital market participants take seriously into consideration the value relevance of earnings for security valuation. This study examines the value relevance of earnings when earnings are transitory, i.e., there is great variability in earnings. It hypothesizes that the relationship between earnings and security returns worsens when earnings are transitory and this robustness is country specific. The dataset consists of more than 1,100 French firm-year observations over a nine year period. Empirical results show that when earnings are transitory, investors pay more attention to operating cash flows and less attention to earnings, a result indicating that investors penalize firms with unstable earnings. These results should be of great importance to financial analysts, investors and bankers for investing and credit decisions, especially after the recent global financial crisis.展开更多
Them is a bright future for cooperation in oil ＆ gas development in China. Total and other French companies strengthen communication and cooperation with Chinese partners to develop oil ＆ gas in China as well as in ...Them is a bright future for cooperation in oil ＆ gas development in China. Total and other French companies strengthen communication and cooperation with Chinese partners to develop oil ＆ gas in China as well as in other countries. Chinese and French companies continue to benefit from cooperation in petroleum upstream industry, gas industry as well as in other fields.展开更多
This study investigates foreign learners＇ acquisition of the Chinese modal adverb fanzheng on the basis of interlanguage corpus. We find that the sentences written by foreign learners of Chinese （hereafter simplifie...This study investigates foreign learners＇ acquisition of the Chinese modal adverb fanzheng on the basis of interlanguage corpus. We find that the sentences written by foreign learners of Chinese （hereafter simplified as FLC） with the wordfanzheng are quite similar to those by Chinese native speakers in the distribution of the syntactic categories, semantic types, semantic functions, pragmatic or discourse functions. These characterize basically the wordfanzheng as one of the modal adverbs in such three aspects as syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Most of the FLCs study the basic meanings and typical contexts of the wordfanzheng at primary stage, and later the functions emphasizing reasons, summary or explaining, and then the function of textual cohesion at the intermediate and advanced stage. The main causes of errors reflect that the FLCs are not able to differentiate the usage offanzheng and that of other causal or adversative conjunctions.展开更多
文摘“A limited company is more than a mere judicial entity, with a personality in law of its own： Behind it, or amongst it, there are individuals, with rights, expectations and obligations inter se”. The competitive attitude of the member states of the EU （European Union）, to become the most attractive for companies results in law reforms aiming at more flexible conflict between shareholders. Besides, the economic objective of avoiding a company＇s dissolution, the English, Dutch, and Belgian exit proceedings for the settlement of disputes between shareholders set up a social objective： protecting the interests of the minority shareholder of a private limited company. The paper consists of four chapters. The introduction lays out the necessity of buy-outs for shareholders of a private limited company. The first chapter describes the different facts justifying the buy-out of a shareholder on the basis of serious grounds. The second chapter presents the findings of a comparative research of the valuation of the shares transferred in an English, Dutch, and Belgian procedure. Finally, the conclusion summarises in which way the English, Dutch, and Belgian legal system protect the interests of the minority shareholder of a private limited company.
文摘This paper studies incentive effect and entrenchment effect of the largest shareholder. Author investigates 763 listed companies in SHSE, explores the statistical relationship between the largest shareholding and corporate performance. Author observes that the largest shareholder has the incentive effect and entrenchment effect on corporate valuation. Empirical relationship between the largest shareholding and corporate valuation shows that the firm value decreases with the equity ownership of the largest shareholders, consistent with a negative entrenchment effect, when the largest equity ownership is below 40.28% of the whole share. Then firm value rises when the proportion of the largest shareholder＇s rights was increased to 69.29%, being consistent with a positive incentive effect. But with the increase of the share of the largest shareholding, firm value falls again.
文摘When the relationship between the government and the citizens is taken into consideration, at the times when the government is misusing its power, the citizens may express themselves about the injustice in various ways and civil disobedience is one of them. If the injustice still exists after all the judicial proceedings are taken, then, this act that has nonviolence as its fundamental philosophy is seen to take place. The most important representatives of civil disobedience in the world are Socrates, Henry David Thoreau, M. Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. These thinkers with their discourses and actions put forth what constitutes as civil disobedience and set an example to other societies. In this study, firstly, the aforementioned notion of civil disobedience is explained. Then, some demonstrations that took place in Turkey are evaluated in the framework of civil disobedience. The aim is to determine whether or not these demonstrations can be considered as examples of ＂civil disobedience＂. Also, the reasons why some of these demonstrations are not in the scope of civil disobedience are discussed. In this study, depiction and historical methods are used.
文摘In early China, ordinary people had a ＂right＂ to demand for justice and they often exerted that ＂right＂. Due to the nature of our sources, which are preoccupied with the concerns of the governing elite, the ordinary people＇s voices are often lost, but even the scanty evidence that we have suggests that ordinary people did not always passively wait for justice to be delivered to them by the authorities. On one hand, the elites recognized that all human being had the sense of justice and its expression was a natural tendency, on the other hand, ordinary people and elites actively demanded justice at least in three ways： they cried out to redress the injustices they had encountered; they honored the impartial judges for their honesty and fairness; and they protested against injustices through collective actions.
文摘In addition to the conventional methods of the calibration model construction, such as PCR （principal components regression） and PLS （partial least-squares）, a MPM （mathematical programming method） is developed and proposed for practical use in NIR analyses of agricultural and food products. The proposed method involves the mathematical programming techniques to seek the regression coefficients for the calibration model calculation. It is based on the optimization theory used for finding the extremum of the objective function in the given domain of a vector space and employs the method of the complementarity problems solving. The MPM algorithm is described in detail. The MPM was tested on an InfraLUM FT-10 NIR analyzer of Lumex company with samples of dry milk （for fat）, corn （for protein） and rye flour （for moisture）. The obtained results show that the MPM can be used for constructing multivariate calibrations with the qualitative characteristics superior over those of the classical PCR and PLS methods of analysis.
基金Project(51104189)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010CB630901)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China+1 种基金Project(1343-77341)supported by the Graduate Education Innovative Program of Central South University,ChinaProject(DOE-ER64125)supported by Department of Energy,Office of Science under the Environmental Remediation Science Program of the United States
文摘Our previously described environmental DNA extraction method has been widely used in environmental microbial community analysis. However, residual humic substances may remain with obtained environmental DNA, which interferes downstream molecular analyses. To remedy this situation, two DNA extraction buffers （PIPES and Tris-HCl） and four purification strategies including our new modified low melting point gel purification method and three commercial kits from QIAEX, Omega and Promega were evaluated with diverse soil samples. The PIPES buffer （pH 6.5） is found to be more effective for removing the humic substances, but it leads to lower DNA yield and causes more severe DNA shearing than using the Tris-HC1 buffer （pH 8.0）. Gel purification and the Promega purification kit achieve much higher DNA recoveries than QIAEX or Omega kit, and higher purity of DNA is obtained by gel purification than by the Promega kit with both DNA extraction buffers mentioned above. Considering all results together, two alternative methods for DNA extraction and purification are proposed： one uses Tris-HCl buffer extraction and gel purification as the primary approach when the amount of soil or biomass is not a major concern, and the other uses PIPES buffer extraction and the Promega kit purification when severe DNA shearing and/or limited biomass occurs. Purified DNA samples by both methods are amenable for use as templates for whole community genome amplifications and PCR amplifications of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. It is demonstrated that these two alternative methods could be applied to a wide variety of environmental samples.
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30400576 and No.30672588
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of severe acute pan- creatitis(SAP)on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction(DCQD)components in rats. METHODS:Rats were divided into SAP group and sham-operation group as a control group(n=6). Rhein,chrysophanol,rheochrysidin,magnolol,hesperidin and naringin in DCQD were quantified in rat serum by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for studying their pharmacokinetics. RESULTS:Early absorption of each DCQD component was tended to degrade in SAP group after treatment with DCQD by gavage.The Cmax(chrysophanol,P= 0.0059;rheochrysidin,P=0.0288;magnolol,P= 0.0487;hesperidin,P=0.0277;naringin,P=0.0023) and AUC(rhein,P=0.0186;chrysophanol,P=0.0013; magnolol,P=0.001;hesperidin,P=0.0081;naringin, P=0.0272)of DCQD component were obviously lower in SAP group than in control group.The T1/2α of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0467 and 0.0005,respectively)and Tmax of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin(P=0.0101 and 0.0037,respectively) lasted longer in SAP group than in control group. CONCLUSION:SAP can significantly impact the ab-sorption of DCQD components in rats and their phar-macokinetic parameters.
文摘Capital market participants take seriously into consideration the value relevance of earnings for security valuation. This study examines the value relevance of earnings when earnings are transitory, i.e., there is great variability in earnings. It hypothesizes that the relationship between earnings and security returns worsens when earnings are transitory and this robustness is country specific. The dataset consists of more than 1,100 French firm-year observations over a nine year period. Empirical results show that when earnings are transitory, investors pay more attention to operating cash flows and less attention to earnings, a result indicating that investors penalize firms with unstable earnings. These results should be of great importance to financial analysts, investors and bankers for investing and credit decisions, especially after the recent global financial crisis.
文摘Them is a bright future for cooperation in oil ＆ gas development in China. Total and other French companies strengthen communication and cooperation with Chinese partners to develop oil ＆ gas in China as well as in other countries. Chinese and French companies continue to benefit from cooperation in petroleum upstream industry, gas industry as well as in other fields.
文摘This study investigates foreign learners＇ acquisition of the Chinese modal adverb fanzheng on the basis of interlanguage corpus. We find that the sentences written by foreign learners of Chinese （hereafter simplified as FLC） with the wordfanzheng are quite similar to those by Chinese native speakers in the distribution of the syntactic categories, semantic types, semantic functions, pragmatic or discourse functions. These characterize basically the wordfanzheng as one of the modal adverbs in such three aspects as syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Most of the FLCs study the basic meanings and typical contexts of the wordfanzheng at primary stage, and later the functions emphasizing reasons, summary or explaining, and then the function of textual cohesion at the intermediate and advanced stage. The main causes of errors reflect that the FLCs are not able to differentiate the usage offanzheng and that of other causal or adversative conjunctions.
