海洋经济可持续开发目标保证体系的探索

21世纪,人类将运用高科技对海洋资源进一步有效地开发,但在开发利用的同时又存在对海洋资源的破坏、污染问题。就如何建立可持续开发利用海洋资源的产业目标保证体系问题进行了较深入的探究。

An efficient methodology for utilization of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions

The issues of reducing CO_2 emissions, sustainably utilizing natural mineral resources, and dealing with industrial waste offer challenges for sustainable development in energy and the environment. We propose an efficient methodology via the co-reaction of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum for the extraction of soluble potassium salts and recovery of SO_2 with reduced CO_2 emission and energy consumption. The results of characterization and reactivity evaluation indicated that the partial melting of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum in the hightemperature co-reaction significantly facilitated the reduction of phosphogypsum to SO_2 and the exchange of K^+(K-feldspar) with Ca^(2+)(CaSO_4 in phosphogypsum). The reaction parameters were systematically investigated with the highest sulfur recovery ratio of ~ 60% and K extraction ratio of ~ 87.7%. This novel methodology possesses an energy consumption reduction of ~ 28% and CO_2 emission reduction of ~ 55% comparing with the present typical commercial technologies for utilization of K-feldspar and the treatment of phosphogypsum.

Restoration and Rational Use of Degraded Saline Reed Wetlands:A Case Study in Western Songnen Plain, China

The protection, restoration and sustainable use are key issues of all the wetlands worldwide. Ecological, agronomic, and engineering techniques have been integrated in the development of a structurally sound, ecologically beneficial engineering restoration method for restoring and utilizing a degraded saline wetland in the western Songnen Plain of China. Hydrological restoration was performed by developing a system of biannual irrigation and drainage using civil engineering measures to bring wetlands into contact with river water and improve the irrigation and drainage system in the wetlands. Agronomic measures such as plowing the reed fields, reed rhizome transplantation, and fertilization were used to restore the reed vegetation. Biological measures, including the release of crab and fish fry and natural proliferation, were used to restore the aquatic communities. The results of the restoration were clear and positive. By the year 2009, the reed yield had increased by 20.9 times. Remarkable ecological benefits occurred simultaneously. Vegetation primary-production capacity increased, local climate regulation and water purification enhanced, and biodiversity increased. This demonstration of engineering techniques illustrates the basic route for the restoration of degraded wetlands, that the biodiversity should be reconstructed by the comprehensive application of engineering, biological, and agronomic measures based on habitat restoration under the guidance of process-oriented strategies. The complex ecological system including reeds, fish and crabs is based on the biological principles of coexistence and material recycling and provides a reasonable ecological engineering model suitable for the sustainable utilization of degraded saline reed wetlands.

Comprehensive utilization of kaolin ore accompanying muscovite

In light of the problems of low-quality and low degree of comprehensive utilization of Guangdong muscovite-type kaolin, the reasons affecting the quality of kaolin were found to be a small amount of maroon powdery goethite adhering to the surface of kaolin and minor muscovite affecting the firing whiteness of products. The ores were dealt with by using the new combined process of attritioning-classifieation-bleaching and flotation. The separation of kaolin from muscovite, quartz and feldspar can come true through the new process. The high-quality kaolin with the firing whiteness of 91% can be obtained, and the muscovite is comprehensively recovered by adopting the key technology of flotation. The content of high-purity muscovite produced is over 99%. The muscovite discarded by original process can be comprehensively recovered.

Steam Reforming of Natural Gas： A Value Addition to Natural Gas Utilization in Nigeria

Petrochemicals play a vital role in the economy of any nation. The products of the industry are the building blocks in many industries as they deepen the forward and backward linkages of the petroleum sector with the rest of the economy. The industry uses a variety of hydrocarbon feedstock such as different cuts of naphtha from refinery and natural gas. One of the problems facing the industry is lack of reliable feedstock supplies. Nigeria has the potential to be a major petrochemicals producer. With proven gas reserves currently estimated at 187 tcf, not much has been accomplished with respect to the effective exploitation and utilization of this resource as most of the nation＇s natural gas production has been flared, liquefied for export or re-injected to enhance greater crude oil recovery. It has become imperative to further find ways to exploit and utilize the nation＇s natural gas reserves and translate it to the improvement of the nation＇s economy. Steam reforming of natural gas is one of the avenues for conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals. This paper, however, reviews various ways of utilizing natural gas, examines the process details of steam reforming of natural gas as a route to optimized natural gas utilization and industrialization in Nigeria. Syngas （synthesis gas） is a versatile feedstock for most petrochemicals and chemical intermediates. Thus utilizing natural gas in this way would strengthen the petrochemical industry making it possible for the country to change from raw materials to value-added products supplier, boost the economy and solve the ＂hydra-headed＂ problem of unemployment in Nigeria with its multiplier employment effect.

Research on the Influence of Land Use Changing on Non-point Source Pollution in Heihe River Basin

Based on the exploring of SWAT model suitability in Hei River Basin, this paper analyze quantitatively and compare non-point source pollution loads occurred under different land use scene. At last, the following conclusion can be attained： （1） Land use change exerts tremendous influence on non-point source pollution. Since forest land can save water and reduce soil loss, which decreases greatly the source of non-point source pollution; （2） Strengthening land management and promoting reasonable land use, especially the over 15 degree slope farmland, will be the effective measure to control non-point source pollution and protect the quality of water in the Hei River basin; （3） The best land use situation in Hei River basin should be like the following modes： complying with national water source protection policy, gradual evacuation of river basin population, returning all the sloping farmland which is above 15 degree to forest land, allowing the existence of few farming land below 15 slope degree on the premise that the drinking water quality standard is reached, no unused land, good vegetation covering situation. At then, total nitrogen load is 13.25 kg, total phosphate load is 3.29 kg, which means it will not contaminate

Analysis on the Cy-Pres Doctrine in the Public Benefit Trust

Public benefit trust is of great significance to the development of social public welfare, and the cy-pres doctrine as a special principle of public benefit trust, plays an important role in protecting the continuation of public benefit trust, and the realization and reasonable use of high-efficiency trust properties. In this paper, therefore, the origin, establishment, and development trend of the approximation principle as well as its current legislative situation in China are studied, and also its applicability of the Cy-Pres doctrine in China＇s public benefit trust is briefly evaluated, so as to further deepen the understanding of the Cy-Pres doctrine and develop the public benefit trust undertakings in China.

A Hybrid Inexact Optimization Model for Land-use Allocation of China

Land scarcity has become the prominent obstacle on the way to sustainable development for China. Under the constraints of land shortage, how to allocate the finite land resources to the multiple land users in China considering various political, environmental, ecological and economic conditions have become research topics with great significance. In this study, an interval fuzzy national-scale land-use model(IFNLM) was developed for optimizing land systems of China. IFNLM is based on an integration of existing interval linear programming(ILP), and fuzzy flexible programming(FFP) techniques. IFNLM allows uncertainties expressed as discrete interval values and fuzzy sets to be incorporated within a general optimization framework. It can also facilitate national-scale land-use planning under various environmental, ecological, social conditions within a multi-period and multi-option context. Then, IFNLM was applied to a real case study of land-use planning in China. The satisfaction degree of environmental constraints is between 0.69 and 0.97, the system benefit will between 198.25 × 1012 USD and 229.67 × 1012 USD. The results indicated that the hybrid model can help generate desired policies for land-use allocation with a maximized economic benefit and minimized environmental violation risk. Optimized land-use allocation patterns can be generated from the proposed IFNLM.

Land use data generalization indices considering scale and land use pattern effects

Land use generalization indices are critical for producing normative multi-scale land use databases and maps,but there is still not a national criterion for these indices in China.Previous studies on land use data generalization indices often neglect macroindices such as area proportion of land use types and map load,and also ignore landscape effects on land use generalization indices.Here we constructed an index system of land use data generalization from macro-and micro-perspectives,and examined scale and landscape effects on land use data generalization indices based on the countrywide multi-scale land use data samples.We formulated relationships between land use data generalization indices and both scale and land use pattern metrics.We defined thresholds of land use data generalization indices on scales of 1:50000,1:100000,1:250000,and 1:500000.We verified our methodology and index thresholds through generalizing a county land use database.