Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performan...Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performance of a water network optimal. In this paper, the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks are analyzed, which include utility consumption, total heat exchange load, and number of heat exchange matches. Three principles are proposed to express the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks. A rule of non-isothermal merging without increasing utility consumption is deduced. And an approach to improve energy performance of water allocation network is presented. A case study is given to demonstrate the method.展开更多
Co-infection with hepatitis C virus and humanimmunodeficiency virus is common in certainpopulations. Among HCV(+) persons, 10 % are alsoHIV (+), and among HIV (+) persons, 25 % are alsoHCV(+). Many studies have shown ...Co-infection with hepatitis C virus and humanimmunodeficiency virus is common in certainpopulations. Among HCV(+) persons, 10 % are alsoHIV (+), and among HIV (+) persons, 25 % are alsoHCV(+). Many studies have shown that in intravenousdrug users, co-infection prevalence can be as high as90-95 %. There is increasing evidence supporting theconcept that people infected with HIV have a muchmore rapid course of their hepatitis C infection.Treatment of co-infection is often challenging becausehighly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) therapyis frequently hepatotoxic, especially in the presence ofHCV. The purpose of this review is to describe theeffects that HIV has on hepatitis C, the effects thathepatitis C has on HIV, and the treatment options inthis challenging population.展开更多
The burgeoning geriatric population worldwide has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to the cardiology community. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, but...The burgeoning geriatric population worldwide has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to the cardiology community. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, but its recognition and management are characteristically confounded by substantial comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other complexities of care, not encountered in younger cardiac patients.展开更多
Background The present study investigated the prognostic value of medical comorbidities at admission for 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods A total of 5161 patie...Background The present study investigated the prognostic value of medical comorbidities at admission for 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods A total of 5161 patients with AMI were admitted in Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2007. Medical comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）, renal insufficiency, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation and anemia, were identified at admission. The patients were divided into 4 groups based on the number of medical comorbidities at admission （0, 1, 2, and ≥3）. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk （RR） and 95% confidence intervals （CI）, with adjustment for age, sex, heart failure and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Results The mean age of the studied population was 63.9 ± 13.6 years, and 80.1% of the patients were male. In 74.6% of the patients at least one comorbidity were identified. Hypertension （50.7%）, diabetes mellitus （24.0%） and previous myocardial infarction （12%） were the leading common comorbidities at admission. The 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 comorbidities at admission （7.2%） was 4.9%, 7.2%, 11.1%, and 20.3%, respectively. The presence of 2 or more comorbidities was associated with higher 30-day in-hospital mortality compared with patients without comorbidity （RR： 1.41, 95% CI： 1.13-1.77, P = 0.003, and RR： 1.95, 95% CI： 1.59-2.39, P = 0.000, respectively）. Conclusions Medical comorbidities were frequently found in patients with AMI. AMI patients with more comorbidities had a higher 30-day in-hospital mortality might be predictive of early poor outcome in patients with AMI.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20436040）.
文摘Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performance of a water network optimal. In this paper, the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks are analyzed, which include utility consumption, total heat exchange load, and number of heat exchange matches. Three principles are proposed to express the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks. A rule of non-isothermal merging without increasing utility consumption is deduced. And an approach to improve energy performance of water allocation network is presented. A case study is given to demonstrate the method.
文摘Co-infection with hepatitis C virus and humanimmunodeficiency virus is common in certainpopulations. Among HCV(+) persons, 10 % are alsoHIV (+), and among HIV (+) persons, 25 % are alsoHCV(+). Many studies have shown that in intravenousdrug users, co-infection prevalence can be as high as90-95 %. There is increasing evidence supporting theconcept that people infected with HIV have a muchmore rapid course of their hepatitis C infection.Treatment of co-infection is often challenging becausehighly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) therapyis frequently hepatotoxic, especially in the presence ofHCV. The purpose of this review is to describe theeffects that HIV has on hepatitis C, the effects thathepatitis C has on HIV, and the treatment options inthis challenging population.
文摘The burgeoning geriatric population worldwide has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to the cardiology community. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, but its recognition and management are characteristically confounded by substantial comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other complexities of care, not encountered in younger cardiac patients.
文摘Background The present study investigated the prognostic value of medical comorbidities at admission for 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods A total of 5161 patients with AMI were admitted in Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2007. Medical comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）, renal insufficiency, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation and anemia, were identified at admission. The patients were divided into 4 groups based on the number of medical comorbidities at admission （0, 1, 2, and ≥3）. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk （RR） and 95% confidence intervals （CI）, with adjustment for age, sex, heart failure and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Results The mean age of the studied population was 63.9 ± 13.6 years, and 80.1% of the patients were male. In 74.6% of the patients at least one comorbidity were identified. Hypertension （50.7%）, diabetes mellitus （24.0%） and previous myocardial infarction （12%） were the leading common comorbidities at admission. The 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 comorbidities at admission （7.2%） was 4.9%, 7.2%, 11.1%, and 20.3%, respectively. The presence of 2 or more comorbidities was associated with higher 30-day in-hospital mortality compared with patients without comorbidity （RR： 1.41, 95% CI： 1.13-1.77, P = 0.003, and RR： 1.95, 95% CI： 1.59-2.39, P = 0.000, respectively）. Conclusions Medical comorbidities were frequently found in patients with AMI. AMI patients with more comorbidities had a higher 30-day in-hospital mortality might be predictive of early poor outcome in patients with AMI.
