The issue of social and economic development is an important part of theoretical and empirical research of the contemporary economy. China is an example of an economy which in a short period of time achieved success w...The issue of social and economic development is an important part of theoretical and empirical research of the contemporary economy. China is an example of an economy which in a short period of time achieved success within this scope. Therefore it seems to be justified to draw the reader＇s attention to the factors and determinants which may be regarded as the key ones for the economy of China, both in the period of 1949-1978, namely, in the period of real socialism, and in the period after 1978, so-called ＂socialist market economy＂ to date. On the basis of an analysis of Polish and foreign reference sources and source materials, the author tried to trace both similarities and differences in China＇s economic development over those two periods, first of all paying attention to the Chinese authorities＇ pragmatism of governing in the other period, accompanied by limiting ideological influences. Maintaining the socialist system, in that period China worked out its own, specific principles, and rules of internal activities and activities in the international arena, which enabled to it the creation of a model, especially for developing countries, the system of economic planning and programming, its constant modernization during the implementation of economic tasks, with the consideration given to changing conditionings in the world economy. It was pointed out that with maintaining the laboriousness of the Chinese and their loyalty to authority, they make up China＇s economic power. The aim of the article is to pay special attention to the circumstances, phenomena, conditionings, and factors which occurred on the way to the social and economic development of China, which enabled it to achieve the economic success in a relatively short period of time. This success can be expressed by such indicators as for instance the poverty rate, the unemployment rate, gross domestic product, the value of export, and the value of foreign direct investment as well as other factors.展开更多
Succinic acid has recently emerged as an important chemical （commodity） because it can be used for the manufacturing of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers and as an intermediate for chemical synthesis. Till...Succinic acid has recently emerged as an important chemical （commodity） because it can be used for the manufacturing of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers and as an intermediate for chemical synthesis. Till date, succinic acid is mainly produced by chemical processes, however, due to the environmental concerns and the concepts of sustainability, researches are directed towards the production of succinic acid by microbial fermentation. The fact that carbon dioxide （CO2） is needed by the microorganisms for succinic acid production is another interesting feature. The fermentation was carried out with Actinobacillus succinogenes using a two-level fractional factorial design 2sl. The variables analyzed and their levels were： concentration of glucose, yeast extract, temperature, pH and agitation. The results show that the variables that more influenced on succinic acid production were pH, temperature and yeast extract.展开更多
Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer ...Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer to a group of children who have such characteristics as high IQ （intelligence quotient）, strong creativity, and good personality. Their intelligence and capability have great potential for further development. As cognitive ability is one of the prominent characteristics of supernormal children, the lecturers can not only pay attention to teaching knowledge （facts teaching）, but also need provide proper opportunities for them to develop their aggressiveness, creativities, and challenges when teaching these children. Because students are active in thinking, in the classroom, students often have some unexpected ideas, that is, the generation of the classroom, in the face of this situation, teachers should be how to do？ A joke between students in the class, sparked the interest of a classmate, and then under the teachers＇ guidance, they invented a chemistry experiment instrument Ω type pipe, illustrated the importance of the teachers focus on creating teaching.展开更多
Total syntheses of terpenoids play an essential role in the development of synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal science.Chinese synthetic community has made more and more profound contribution to this field and h...Total syntheses of terpenoids play an essential role in the development of synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal science.Chinese synthetic community has made more and more profound contribution to this field and has gradually grown into a major force in the world over the past years. In this review, we shall celebrate the achievement by surveying the recent terpenoid syntheses from China since 2010.展开更多
文摘The issue of social and economic development is an important part of theoretical and empirical research of the contemporary economy. China is an example of an economy which in a short period of time achieved success within this scope. Therefore it seems to be justified to draw the reader＇s attention to the factors and determinants which may be regarded as the key ones for the economy of China, both in the period of 1949-1978, namely, in the period of real socialism, and in the period after 1978, so-called ＂socialist market economy＂ to date. On the basis of an analysis of Polish and foreign reference sources and source materials, the author tried to trace both similarities and differences in China＇s economic development over those two periods, first of all paying attention to the Chinese authorities＇ pragmatism of governing in the other period, accompanied by limiting ideological influences. Maintaining the socialist system, in that period China worked out its own, specific principles, and rules of internal activities and activities in the international arena, which enabled to it the creation of a model, especially for developing countries, the system of economic planning and programming, its constant modernization during the implementation of economic tasks, with the consideration given to changing conditionings in the world economy. It was pointed out that with maintaining the laboriousness of the Chinese and their loyalty to authority, they make up China＇s economic power. The aim of the article is to pay special attention to the circumstances, phenomena, conditionings, and factors which occurred on the way to the social and economic development of China, which enabled it to achieve the economic success in a relatively short period of time. This success can be expressed by such indicators as for instance the poverty rate, the unemployment rate, gross domestic product, the value of export, and the value of foreign direct investment as well as other factors.
文摘Succinic acid has recently emerged as an important chemical （commodity） because it can be used for the manufacturing of synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers and as an intermediate for chemical synthesis. Till date, succinic acid is mainly produced by chemical processes, however, due to the environmental concerns and the concepts of sustainability, researches are directed towards the production of succinic acid by microbial fermentation. The fact that carbon dioxide （CO2） is needed by the microorganisms for succinic acid production is another interesting feature. The fermentation was carried out with Actinobacillus succinogenes using a two-level fractional factorial design 2sl. The variables analyzed and their levels were： concentration of glucose, yeast extract, temperature, pH and agitation. The results show that the variables that more influenced on succinic acid production were pH, temperature and yeast extract.
文摘Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer to a group of children who have such characteristics as high IQ （intelligence quotient）, strong creativity, and good personality. Their intelligence and capability have great potential for further development. As cognitive ability is one of the prominent characteristics of supernormal children, the lecturers can not only pay attention to teaching knowledge （facts teaching）, but also need provide proper opportunities for them to develop their aggressiveness, creativities, and challenges when teaching these children. Because students are active in thinking, in the classroom, students often have some unexpected ideas, that is, the generation of the classroom, in the face of this situation, teachers should be how to do？ A joke between students in the class, sparked the interest of a classmate, and then under the teachers＇ guidance, they invented a chemistry experiment instrument Ω type pipe, illustrated the importance of the teachers focus on creating teaching.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21372127, 21572104)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
文摘Total syntheses of terpenoids play an essential role in the development of synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal science.Chinese synthetic community has made more and more profound contribution to this field and has gradually grown into a major force in the world over the past years. In this review, we shall celebrate the achievement by surveying the recent terpenoid syntheses from China since 2010.
