In order to build a rapid ocean ambient noise model adapted for a stratified shallow water, a hybrid model of normal mode method (for far field) and ray method (for near field) is suggested which combines the advantag...In order to build a rapid ocean ambient noise model adapted for a stratified shallow water, a hybrid model of normal mode method (for far field) and ray method (for near field) is suggested which combines the advantages of both methods. Since the near field of wind-generated noise is not sensitive to the sound speed pro- file, the sound speed profile is regarded as a constant; which makes the model rapid and accurate. The simulation results are in agreement with those of the wave model.展开更多
Based on the data of NCEP, OLR and rainfall of China, we studied the influences of the East Asian winter monsoon activities on the precipitation during the raining season over China by correlation analysis and composi...Based on the data of NCEP, OLR and rainfall of China, we studied the influences of the East Asian winter monsoon activities on the precipitation during the raining season over China by correlation analysis and composite analysis. The result shows that annual and interdecadal change of East Asian winter monsoon is distinct. It is strong from 1950s to the middle of 1980s but weak after the middle of 1980s. The effect of abnormal winter monsoon on the precipitation during raining season is significant over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River basin. It is revealed that the precipitation will increase when preceding winter monsoon is weak but decrease when preceding winter monsoon is strong. In this paper, some appropriate reasons are given to explain the abnormal rainfall by analyzing the distribution of SSTA and the variation of summer circulation. It is pointed out definitely that the variation of SSTA and summer circulation is a primary cause for abnormal rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River.展开更多
In this paper,we compared the normalized radar cross section in the cases of oil spill,biogenic slicks,and clean sea areas with image samples made from 11-pixel NRCS average,and determined their thresholds of the NRCS...In this paper,we compared the normalized radar cross section in the cases of oil spill,biogenic slicks,and clean sea areas with image samples made from 11-pixel NRCS average,and determined their thresholds of the NRCS of the synthetic aperture radar. The results show that the thresholds of oil and biogenic slicks exhibit good consistency with the corresponding synthetic aperture radar images. In addition,we used the normalized radar cross section of clean water from adjacent patches of oil or biogenic slicks areas to replace that of oil or biogenic slicks areas,and retrieve wind field by CMOD5.n and compare wind velocity mending of oil and biogenic slicks areas with Weather Research and Forecasting modeled data,from which the root mean squares of wind speed(wind direction) inversion are 0.89 m/s(20.26°) and 0.88 m/s(7.07°),respectively. Therefore,after the occurrence of oil spill or biogenic slicks,the real wind field could be repaired using the method we introduced in this paper. We believe that this method could improve the accuracy in assessment of a real wind field on medium and small scales at sea,and enhance effectively the monitoring works on similar oil or biogenic slicks incidents at sea surface.展开更多
Anemia is the most common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control and inadequate treatment leads to a worse quality of life and increased morbidity and hospitalization. Blood loss, and to a lesser ex...Anemia is the most common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control and inadequate treatment leads to a worse quality of life and increased morbidity and hospitalization. Blood loss, and to a lesser extent, malabsorption of iron are the main causes of iron def iciency in IBD. There is also a variable component of anemia related to chronic inflammation. The anemia of chronic renal failure has been treated for many years with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), which significantly improves quality of life and survival. Subsequently, rHuEPO has been used progressively in other conditions that occur with anemia of chronic processes such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis or IBD, and anemia associated with the treatment of hepatitis C virus. Erythropoietic agents complete the range of available therapeutic options for treatment of anemia associated with IBD, which begins by treating the basis of the inflammatory disease, along with intravenous iron therapy as f irst choice. In cases of resistance to treatment with iron, combined therapy with erythropoietic agents aims to achieve near-normal levels of hemoglobin/hematocrit (11-12 g/dL). New formulations of intravenous iron (iron carboxymaltose) and the new generation of erythropoietic agents (darbepoetin and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator) will allow better dosing with the same eff icacy and safety.展开更多
The flavor is very important in the dairy industry because it decides on the acceptance of milk and other dairy products. And the flavor compounds in two different milk were analyzed with SPME-GCMS. At present, the mi...The flavor is very important in the dairy industry because it decides on the acceptance of milk and other dairy products. And the flavor compounds in two different milk were analyzed with SPME-GCMS. At present, the milking mode includes automatic milking and manual milking in cat- tle farm. Milk samples, collected from six healthy early/mid-lactation Holstein cows, were analyzed by static headspace （SH） and solid phase microextraction （SPME） combined with gas-chromatogra- phy and mass spectrometry （GCMS） in this paper. The result showed that the aroma compounds in milk （automatic milking） were more than that of milk （manual milking）, but the off-flavor com- pounds in milk （automatic milking） were less than that of milk （manual milking）. So to preserve the good flavor, the milk should be extruded with the automate milking.展开更多
A large number of sesquiterpene quinone/hydroquinone natural products including （＋）-ent-chromazonarol have been isolated and received great attention from the synthetic community. Herein, we report a nature-inspire...A large number of sesquiterpene quinone/hydroquinone natural products including （＋）-ent-chromazonarol have been isolated and received great attention from the synthetic community. Herein, we report a nature-inspired concise synthesis of （＋）-ent-chromazonarol in 4 steps from a readily available starting material. The synthesis relied on a Lewis acid mediated cy- clization which correctly installed two vicinal stereocenters in one step. This highly efficient synthetic route allows us to fur- ther prepare natural product congeners for further biological studies.展开更多
Because of weak dissipation effects, swells generated by fierce storms can propagate across an entire ocean basin;therefore, observing swell generation and decay and retrieving storm characteristics from a swell by sa...Because of weak dissipation effects, swells generated by fierce storms can propagate across an entire ocean basin;therefore, observing swell generation and decay and retrieving storm characteristics from a swell by satellite remote sensing are possible. In this study, based on the dispersion relation and geometrical optics principle, we used SAR wave mode data from 2003 to 2010 provided by GlobWave to track swells with peak wavelengths of more than 300 m to locate a storm-generated far-traveling swell and present the swell field related to this "static" origin. Through a comparison with ECMWF wind datasets, we conducted validations and explored some conditions that cause misjudgments in swell origins. Finally, we obtained the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of satellite-observed swell origins(i.e., the fierce wind condition) and their evolution. This work can be used as a reference for wave models, providing early swell warnings, determining air-sea surface interactions, and determining global climate change.展开更多
This paper deals with a mortality-weighted synthetic evaluation （MWSE） method for evaluating urban air risk. Sulphur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxide （NOx）, and particulate matter （PMl0） were used as pollution in...This paper deals with a mortality-weighted synthetic evaluation （MWSE） method for evaluating urban air risk. Sulphur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxide （NOx）, and particulate matter （PMl0） were used as pollution indices. The urban area of Hangzhou, China is divided into 756 grid cells, with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km, and is evaluated using the MWSE and the air quality index （AQI）, a widely-used method to evaluate ambient air quality and air risk. In an evaluation of one day in April 2004, the surface areas categorized as levels Ⅰ and Ⅲ, as defined by the integrated air risk evaluation, were 27.3% and 3.3% lower, respectively, than grades Ⅰ and Ⅲ defined by the AQI evaluation. Meanwhile, the areas classified as level Ⅱ or above level Ⅲ by the integrated air risk evaluation were 55.1% and 101. 1% higher, respectively, than grade Ⅱ or above grade Ⅲ when using the AQI evaluation. From this comparison, we find that the MWSE method is more sensitive than the AQI method. The AQI method uses a single index to assess integrated air quality and is therefore unable to evaluate integrated air risks due to multiple pollutants. The MWSE method overcomes this problem, providing improved accuracy in air risk assessment.展开更多
A regional ocean atmosphere coupled model (ROAM) is developed through coupler OASIS3,and is composed of regional climate model RegCM3 and CREM (Climate version of Regional Eta Model) as its atmospheric component and o...A regional ocean atmosphere coupled model (ROAM) is developed through coupler OASIS3,and is composed of regional climate model RegCM3 and CREM (Climate version of Regional Eta Model) as its atmospheric component and of a revised Princeton ocean model (POM2000) as its oceanic component.The performance of the ROAM over the western North Pacific summer monsoon region is assessed by the case simulation of warm season in 1998.Impacts of different atmospheric model components on the performance of ROAM are investigated.Compared with stand-alone simulation,CREM (RegCM3) produces more (or less) rainfall over ocean area with inclusion of the air-sea coupling.Different biases of rainfall are caused by the different biases of SST derived from the coupled simulation.Warm (or cold) SST bias simulated by CREM_CPL (RegCM3_CPL) increases (or decreases) the evaporation at sea surface,then increases (or decreases) the rainfall over ocean.The analyses suggest that the biases of vertical profile of temperature and specific humidity in stand-alone simulations may be responsible for the SST biases in regional coupled simulations.Compared with reanalysis data,the warmer (or colder) and moister (or dryer) lower troposphere simulated in CREM (RegCM3) produces less (or more) sea surface latent heat flux.Meanwhile,the more unstable (or stable) lower troposphere produces less (or more) cloudiness at low-level,which increases (or decreases) the solar radiation reaching on the sea surface.CREM (RegCM3) forced by observed SST overestimates (or underestimates) the sea surface net heat flux,implying a potential warm (or cold) heat source.After coupling with POM2000,the warm (or cold) heat source would further increase (or decrease) the SST.The biases of vertical profile of temperature and specific humidity may be ascribed to the different representation of cumulus convection in atmospheric models.展开更多
For the Pearl River plume, the supercritical, distinct plume front appears in downwelling-favorable winds, which is easily observed due to the distinct boundary between the plume water and the ambient water. In this p...For the Pearl River plume, the supercritical, distinct plume front appears in downwelling-favorable winds, which is easily observed due to the distinct boundary between the plume water and the ambient water. In this paper, in situ and satellite observations of a plume front are utilized to explore the Pearl River plume front properties under the downwelling-favorable winds. Field observations clearly show frontal structure, especially the two-layer structure in the plume water and the downward-motion of water in the frontal region. The Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar(ASAR) images are also analyzed to unveil the plume front: there is a white stripe on the west side out of the river mouth under downwelling-favorable winds, which is identified as a supercritical plume front, and the width of the plume front is about 250 m. The normalized velocity gradient shows the intense velocity convergence in the front region. Also, analyses of ASAR images imply that the river discharge plays an important role in controlling the location and shape of the front.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Naval Weapon Department under contract No. 41303090207, and by Science and Technology Ministry under con-tract No. 2001AA631080 and No. 2003AA604010.
文摘In order to build a rapid ocean ambient noise model adapted for a stratified shallow water, a hybrid model of normal mode method (for far field) and ray method (for near field) is suggested which combines the advantages of both methods. Since the near field of wind-generated noise is not sensitive to the sound speed pro- file, the sound speed profile is regarded as a constant; which makes the model rapid and accurate. The simulation results are in agreement with those of the wave model.
基金East Asia winter monsoon and Yunnan summertime drought and floods and their interdecadal anomalies a project of the Yunnan Province Science Foundation a Yunnan Province Foundation project (97D022G)
文摘Based on the data of NCEP, OLR and rainfall of China, we studied the influences of the East Asian winter monsoon activities on the precipitation during the raining season over China by correlation analysis and composite analysis. The result shows that annual and interdecadal change of East Asian winter monsoon is distinct. It is strong from 1950s to the middle of 1980s but weak after the middle of 1980s. The effect of abnormal winter monsoon on the precipitation during raining season is significant over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River basin. It is revealed that the precipitation will increase when preceding winter monsoon is weak but decrease when preceding winter monsoon is strong. In this paper, some appropriate reasons are given to explain the abnormal rainfall by analyzing the distribution of SSTA and the variation of summer circulation. It is pointed out definitely that the variation of SSTA and summer circulation is a primary cause for abnormal rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41176160)the "135 Program" of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y455011031)
文摘In this paper,we compared the normalized radar cross section in the cases of oil spill,biogenic slicks,and clean sea areas with image samples made from 11-pixel NRCS average,and determined their thresholds of the NRCS of the synthetic aperture radar. The results show that the thresholds of oil and biogenic slicks exhibit good consistency with the corresponding synthetic aperture radar images. In addition,we used the normalized radar cross section of clean water from adjacent patches of oil or biogenic slicks areas to replace that of oil or biogenic slicks areas,and retrieve wind field by CMOD5.n and compare wind velocity mending of oil and biogenic slicks areas with Weather Research and Forecasting modeled data,from which the root mean squares of wind speed(wind direction) inversion are 0.89 m/s(20.26°) and 0.88 m/s(7.07°),respectively. Therefore,after the occurrence of oil spill or biogenic slicks,the real wind field could be repaired using the method we introduced in this paper. We believe that this method could improve the accuracy in assessment of a real wind field on medium and small scales at sea,and enhance effectively the monitoring works on similar oil or biogenic slicks incidents at sea surface.
文摘Anemia is the most common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control and inadequate treatment leads to a worse quality of life and increased morbidity and hospitalization. Blood loss, and to a lesser extent, malabsorption of iron are the main causes of iron def iciency in IBD. There is also a variable component of anemia related to chronic inflammation. The anemia of chronic renal failure has been treated for many years with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), which significantly improves quality of life and survival. Subsequently, rHuEPO has been used progressively in other conditions that occur with anemia of chronic processes such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis or IBD, and anemia associated with the treatment of hepatitis C virus. Erythropoietic agents complete the range of available therapeutic options for treatment of anemia associated with IBD, which begins by treating the basis of the inflammatory disease, along with intravenous iron therapy as f irst choice. In cases of resistance to treatment with iron, combined therapy with erythropoietic agents aims to achieve near-normal levels of hemoglobin/hematocrit (11-12 g/dL). New formulations of intravenous iron (iron carboxymaltose) and the new generation of erythropoietic agents (darbepoetin and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator) will allow better dosing with the same eff icacy and safety.
文摘The flavor is very important in the dairy industry because it decides on the acceptance of milk and other dairy products. And the flavor compounds in two different milk were analyzed with SPME-GCMS. At present, the milking mode includes automatic milking and manual milking in cat- tle farm. Milk samples, collected from six healthy early/mid-lactation Holstein cows, were analyzed by static headspace （SH） and solid phase microextraction （SPME） combined with gas-chromatogra- phy and mass spectrometry （GCMS） in this paper. The result showed that the aroma compounds in milk （automatic milking） were more than that of milk （manual milking）, but the off-flavor com- pounds in milk （automatic milking） were less than that of milk （manual milking）. So to preserve the good flavor, the milk should be extruded with the automate milking.
文摘A large number of sesquiterpene quinone/hydroquinone natural products including （＋）-ent-chromazonarol have been isolated and received great attention from the synthetic community. Herein, we report a nature-inspired concise synthesis of （＋）-ent-chromazonarol in 4 steps from a readily available starting material. The synthesis relied on a Lewis acid mediated cy- clization which correctly installed two vicinal stereocenters in one step. This highly efficient synthetic route allows us to fur- ther prepare natural product congeners for further biological studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41331172, 61361136001 & U1406404)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Grant No. 2015ASKJ01)
文摘Because of weak dissipation effects, swells generated by fierce storms can propagate across an entire ocean basin;therefore, observing swell generation and decay and retrieving storm characteristics from a swell by satellite remote sensing are possible. In this study, based on the dispersion relation and geometrical optics principle, we used SAR wave mode data from 2003 to 2010 provided by GlobWave to track swells with peak wavelengths of more than 300 m to locate a storm-generated far-traveling swell and present the swell field related to this "static" origin. Through a comparison with ECMWF wind datasets, we conducted validations and explored some conditions that cause misjudgments in swell origins. Finally, we obtained the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of satellite-observed swell origins(i.e., the fierce wind condition) and their evolution. This work can be used as a reference for wave models, providing early swell warnings, determining air-sea surface interactions, and determining global climate change.
基金Project(No. 200809103) supported by the State Environmental Protection Commonweal Trade Scientific Research, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China
文摘This paper deals with a mortality-weighted synthetic evaluation （MWSE） method for evaluating urban air risk. Sulphur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxide （NOx）, and particulate matter （PMl0） were used as pollution indices. The urban area of Hangzhou, China is divided into 756 grid cells, with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km, and is evaluated using the MWSE and the air quality index （AQI）, a widely-used method to evaluate ambient air quality and air risk. In an evaluation of one day in April 2004, the surface areas categorized as levels Ⅰ and Ⅲ, as defined by the integrated air risk evaluation, were 27.3% and 3.3% lower, respectively, than grades Ⅰ and Ⅲ defined by the AQI evaluation. Meanwhile, the areas classified as level Ⅱ or above level Ⅲ by the integrated air risk evaluation were 55.1% and 101. 1% higher, respectively, than grade Ⅱ or above grade Ⅲ when using the AQI evaluation. From this comparison, we find that the MWSE method is more sensitive than the AQI method. The AQI method uses a single index to assess integrated air quality and is therefore unable to evaluate integrated air risks due to multiple pollutants. The MWSE method overcomes this problem, providing improved accuracy in air risk assessment.
基金supported by the Ocean Projects of Public Science and Technology Research Funds (Grant No. 201105019-3)
文摘A regional ocean atmosphere coupled model (ROAM) is developed through coupler OASIS3,and is composed of regional climate model RegCM3 and CREM (Climate version of Regional Eta Model) as its atmospheric component and of a revised Princeton ocean model (POM2000) as its oceanic component.The performance of the ROAM over the western North Pacific summer monsoon region is assessed by the case simulation of warm season in 1998.Impacts of different atmospheric model components on the performance of ROAM are investigated.Compared with stand-alone simulation,CREM (RegCM3) produces more (or less) rainfall over ocean area with inclusion of the air-sea coupling.Different biases of rainfall are caused by the different biases of SST derived from the coupled simulation.Warm (or cold) SST bias simulated by CREM_CPL (RegCM3_CPL) increases (or decreases) the evaporation at sea surface,then increases (or decreases) the rainfall over ocean.The analyses suggest that the biases of vertical profile of temperature and specific humidity in stand-alone simulations may be responsible for the SST biases in regional coupled simulations.Compared with reanalysis data,the warmer (or colder) and moister (or dryer) lower troposphere simulated in CREM (RegCM3) produces less (or more) sea surface latent heat flux.Meanwhile,the more unstable (or stable) lower troposphere produces less (or more) cloudiness at low-level,which increases (or decreases) the solar radiation reaching on the sea surface.CREM (RegCM3) forced by observed SST overestimates (or underestimates) the sea surface net heat flux,implying a potential warm (or cold) heat source.After coupling with POM2000,the warm (or cold) heat source would further increase (or decrease) the SST.The biases of vertical profile of temperature and specific humidity may be ascribed to the different representation of cumulus convection in atmospheric models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41476002 and 41206164)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2014DQ013)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.LTO1409)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2014M560574)
文摘For the Pearl River plume, the supercritical, distinct plume front appears in downwelling-favorable winds, which is easily observed due to the distinct boundary between the plume water and the ambient water. In this paper, in situ and satellite observations of a plume front are utilized to explore the Pearl River plume front properties under the downwelling-favorable winds. Field observations clearly show frontal structure, especially the two-layer structure in the plume water and the downward-motion of water in the frontal region. The Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar(ASAR) images are also analyzed to unveil the plume front: there is a white stripe on the west side out of the river mouth under downwelling-favorable winds, which is identified as a supercritical plume front, and the width of the plume front is about 250 m. The normalized velocity gradient shows the intense velocity convergence in the front region. Also, analyses of ASAR images imply that the river discharge plays an important role in controlling the location and shape of the front.
