Packet size is restricted due to the error-prone wireless channel which drops the network energy utilization. Furthermore, the frequent packet retransmissions also lead to energy waste. In order to improve the energy ...Packet size is restricted due to the error-prone wireless channel which drops the network energy utilization. Furthermore, the frequent packet retransmissions also lead to energy waste. In order to improve the energy efficiency of wireless networks and save the energy of wireless devices, EEFA （Energy Efficiency Frame Aggregation）, a frame aggregation based energy-efficient scheduling algorithm for IEEE 802.11n wireless network, is proposed. EEFA changes the size of aggregated frame dynamically according to the frame error rate, so as to ensure the data transmission and retransmissions completed during the TXOP and reduce energy consumption of channel contention. NS2 simulation results show that EEFA algorithm achieves better performance than the original frame-aggregation algorithm.展开更多
The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fres...The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fresh water and wastewater treatment is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alterna- tives for wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle, is synthesized with a non-linear programming model. An evolutionary approach--an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed for optimizing such systems. Two simple examples are .Presented.to illustrate the global op.timization of inte.grated water networks using the proposed algorithm.展开更多
A new technology of treating molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching was put forward to recover molybdenum from metallurgical residues. The effects of residue size, milling time, soli...A new technology of treating molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching was put forward to recover molybdenum from metallurgical residues. The effects of residue size, milling time, solid content, n (Na 2CO 3)/ n (Mo) and slurry pH value on molybdenum leaching rate were investigated. The results indicate that a simpler process, lower slurry temperature, 50% shorter treating time, 60% decrease of Na 2CO 3 content and 15% increase of molybdenum leaching rate can be obtained by the new technology compared with the traditional process. The leaching kinetic equation was determined, and calculation of active energy ( E =56.2 kJ/mol) shows that the leaching process of molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching is controlled by chemical reaction. Potential exists for the new process to form the basis for an economically viable, environmentally friendly process to recover valuable elements from residues.展开更多
ESA is an unsupervised approach to word segmentation previously proposed by Wang, which is an iterative process consisting of three phases: Evaluation, Selection and Adjustment. In this article, we propose Ex ESA, the...ESA is an unsupervised approach to word segmentation previously proposed by Wang, which is an iterative process consisting of three phases: Evaluation, Selection and Adjustment. In this article, we propose Ex ESA, the extension of ESA. In Ex ESA, the original approach is extended to a 2-pass process and the ratio of different word lengths is introduced as the third type of information combined with cohesion and separation. A maximum strategy is adopted to determine the best segmentation of a character sequence in the phrase of Selection. Besides, in Adjustment, Ex ESA re-evaluates separation information and individual information to overcome the overestimation frequencies. Additionally, a smoothing algorithm is applied to alleviate sparseness. The experiment results show that Ex ESA can further improve the performance and is time-saving by properly utilizing more information from un-annotated corpora. Moreover, the parameters of Ex ESA can be predicted by a set of empirical formulae or combined with the minimum description length principle.展开更多
In order to reasonably utilize the iron resources of copper slags, the smelting chlorination process was used to remove copper from copper slags. Higher holding temperature and O2 flow rate are beneficial to increasin...In order to reasonably utilize the iron resources of copper slags, the smelting chlorination process was used to remove copper from copper slags. Higher holding temperature and O2 flow rate are beneficial to increasing copper removal rate. However,the Cu2O mode is formed by the reaction of surplus O2 and CuCl with O2 flow rate increasing over 0.4 L/min, causing CuCl volatilization rate and copper removal rate to decrease. The resulting copper removal rate of 84.34% is obtained under the optimum conditions of holding temperature of 1573 K, residence time of 10 min, Ca Cl2 addition amount of 0.1(mass ratio of CaCl2 and the copper slag) and oxygen flow rate of 0.4 L/min. The efficient removal of copper from copper slags through chlorination is feasible.展开更多
Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results r...Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results revealed the spatial structure,composition structure,hierarchical structure,group structure,and control structure of Chinese city network,as well as its dynamic factors.The major findings are:1) the spatial pattern presents a diamond structure,in which Wuhan is the central city;2) although the invention patent knowledge network is the main part of the broader inter-city innovative cooperation network,it is weaker than the utility model patent;3) as the senior level cities,Beijing,Shanghai and the cities in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region show a strong capability of both spreading and controlling technological knowledge;4) whilst a national technology alliance has preliminarily formed,regional alliances have not been adequately established;5) even though the cooperation level amongst weak connection cities is not high,such cities still play an important role in the network as a result of their location within ′structural holes′ in the network;and 6) the major driving forces facilitating inter-city technological cooperation are geographical proximity,hierarchical proximity and technological proximity.展开更多
Utilitarianism is the branch of philosophy that studies the usefulness of an idea. Among the possible gains and losses, the balance must be positive to reach the intended utility. Criminal law is the most repressive b...Utilitarianism is the branch of philosophy that studies the usefulness of an idea. Among the possible gains and losses, the balance must be positive to reach the intended utility. Criminal law is the most repressive branch of legal system and therefore should be applied sparingly by the state. Its usefulness should be the protection of legal interests and minimal restriction of personal liberty. The lawmaker should seek the best way to achieve this utility with the choice of the most relevant legal interests and less repressive means before appealing to the criminal law. The legal interests protected by criminal law must be the most important ones for a social life in harmony and prohibited behaviors must be injurious or dangerous to those legal interests. The Rule of Law does not authorize criminal prohibitions without a minimum limit that allows citizens to behave according to their wishes, provided that does not harm the interests of other people. This is the calculation that legislator, judge, and interpreter should seek： more protection and less restriction to citizens.展开更多
This method of desalination is based as the previous one, i.e. It applies the possibilities of the laws of inorganic chemistry precisely the laws of the precipitation to desalinate any water containing salt, with prio...This method of desalination is based as the previous one, i.e. It applies the possibilities of the laws of inorganic chemistry precisely the laws of the precipitation to desalinate any water containing salt, with priority for seawater the most abundant source of water on our planet. It is good to remember that the industry always has used these laws for the preparation of certain compounds. As the above method, rather than consume energy such as reverse osmosis, distillation, electrodialysis, it requires no energy. On the contrary recycling products used delivers power.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61363067，Guangxi Nature Science Foundation，Guangxi Ministry of Education Foundation
文摘Packet size is restricted due to the error-prone wireless channel which drops the network energy utilization. Furthermore, the frequent packet retransmissions also lead to energy waste. In order to improve the energy efficiency of wireless networks and save the energy of wireless devices, EEFA （Energy Efficiency Frame Aggregation）, a frame aggregation based energy-efficient scheduling algorithm for IEEE 802.11n wireless network, is proposed. EEFA changes the size of aggregated frame dynamically according to the frame error rate, so as to ensure the data transmission and retransmissions completed during the TXOP and reduce energy consumption of channel contention. NS2 simulation results show that EEFA algorithm achieves better performance than the original frame-aggregation algorithm.
基金Supported by Tianjin Municipal Science Foundation （No. 07JCZDJC 02500）
文摘The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fresh water and wastewater treatment is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alterna- tives for wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle, is synthesized with a non-linear programming model. An evolutionary approach--an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed for optimizing such systems. Two simple examples are .Presented.to illustrate the global op.timization of inte.grated water networks using the proposed algorithm.
文摘A new technology of treating molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching was put forward to recover molybdenum from metallurgical residues. The effects of residue size, milling time, solid content, n (Na 2CO 3)/ n (Mo) and slurry pH value on molybdenum leaching rate were investigated. The results indicate that a simpler process, lower slurry temperature, 50% shorter treating time, 60% decrease of Na 2CO 3 content and 15% increase of molybdenum leaching rate can be obtained by the new technology compared with the traditional process. The leaching kinetic equation was determined, and calculation of active energy ( E =56.2 kJ/mol) shows that the leaching process of molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching is controlled by chemical reaction. Potential exists for the new process to form the basis for an economically viable, environmentally friendly process to recover valuable elements from residues.
基金supported in part by National Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61303105 and 61402304the Humanity & Social Science general project of Ministry of Education under Grants No.14YJAZH046+2 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grants No. 4154065the Beijing Educational Committee Science and Technology Development Planned under Grants No.KM201410028017Beijing Key Disciplines of Computer Application Technology
文摘ESA is an unsupervised approach to word segmentation previously proposed by Wang, which is an iterative process consisting of three phases: Evaluation, Selection and Adjustment. In this article, we propose Ex ESA, the extension of ESA. In Ex ESA, the original approach is extended to a 2-pass process and the ratio of different word lengths is introduced as the third type of information combined with cohesion and separation. A maximum strategy is adopted to determine the best segmentation of a character sequence in the phrase of Selection. Besides, in Adjustment, Ex ESA re-evaluates separation information and individual information to overcome the overestimation frequencies. Additionally, a smoothing algorithm is applied to alleviate sparseness. The experiment results show that Ex ESA can further improve the performance and is time-saving by properly utilizing more information from un-annotated corpora. Moreover, the parameters of Ex ESA can be predicted by a set of empirical formulae or combined with the minimum description length principle.
基金Project(51204082)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KKZ3201252011)supported by Talent Cultivation Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘In order to reasonably utilize the iron resources of copper slags, the smelting chlorination process was used to remove copper from copper slags. Higher holding temperature and O2 flow rate are beneficial to increasing copper removal rate. However,the Cu2O mode is formed by the reaction of surplus O2 and CuCl with O2 flow rate increasing over 0.4 L/min, causing CuCl volatilization rate and copper removal rate to decrease. The resulting copper removal rate of 84.34% is obtained under the optimum conditions of holding temperature of 1573 K, residence time of 10 min, Ca Cl2 addition amount of 0.1(mass ratio of CaCl2 and the copper slag) and oxygen flow rate of 0.4 L/min. The efficient removal of copper from copper slags through chlorination is feasible.
基金Under the auspices of Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.13&ZD027)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41201128,71433008)
文摘Based on patent cooperation data,this study used a range of city network analysis approaches in order to explore the structure of the Chinese city network which is driven by technological knowledge flows.The results revealed the spatial structure,composition structure,hierarchical structure,group structure,and control structure of Chinese city network,as well as its dynamic factors.The major findings are:1) the spatial pattern presents a diamond structure,in which Wuhan is the central city;2) although the invention patent knowledge network is the main part of the broader inter-city innovative cooperation network,it is weaker than the utility model patent;3) as the senior level cities,Beijing,Shanghai and the cities in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region show a strong capability of both spreading and controlling technological knowledge;4) whilst a national technology alliance has preliminarily formed,regional alliances have not been adequately established;5) even though the cooperation level amongst weak connection cities is not high,such cities still play an important role in the network as a result of their location within ′structural holes′ in the network;and 6) the major driving forces facilitating inter-city technological cooperation are geographical proximity,hierarchical proximity and technological proximity.
文摘Utilitarianism is the branch of philosophy that studies the usefulness of an idea. Among the possible gains and losses, the balance must be positive to reach the intended utility. Criminal law is the most repressive branch of legal system and therefore should be applied sparingly by the state. Its usefulness should be the protection of legal interests and minimal restriction of personal liberty. The lawmaker should seek the best way to achieve this utility with the choice of the most relevant legal interests and less repressive means before appealing to the criminal law. The legal interests protected by criminal law must be the most important ones for a social life in harmony and prohibited behaviors must be injurious or dangerous to those legal interests. The Rule of Law does not authorize criminal prohibitions without a minimum limit that allows citizens to behave according to their wishes, provided that does not harm the interests of other people. This is the calculation that legislator, judge, and interpreter should seek： more protection and less restriction to citizens.
文摘This method of desalination is based as the previous one, i.e. It applies the possibilities of the laws of inorganic chemistry precisely the laws of the precipitation to desalinate any water containing salt, with priority for seawater the most abundant source of water on our planet. It is good to remember that the industry always has used these laws for the preparation of certain compounds. As the above method, rather than consume energy such as reverse osmosis, distillation, electrodialysis, it requires no energy. On the contrary recycling products used delivers power.
