地方性法规增设行政处罚的规范基础

法律、行政法规对某一抽象事项已有规定时,地方性法规就具体事项增设行政处罚,包括完整增设与补充增设两种类型。对之进行合法性判断时,应根据地方性法规的规范效力推定立法行为合法,采取合法性推定的教义学方法。《立法法》第82条第1款第2项与《行政处罚法》第12条第1款共同构成地方性法规增设行政处罚的授权基础。《行政处罚法》第12条第3款无法支持地方性法规完整增设行政处罚,也不构成对地方性法规补充增设行政处罚的独立授权。地方性法规增设行政处罚,在不违反消极限制的同时,还应符合积极要件。地方性事务标准是地方性法规增设行政处罚的唯一积极要件,可从纵、横两个维度展开,区分为治理对象特殊性、区域特征差异性与治理能力差异性三个子标准。

论行政处罚的责任主义

只有行为人在实施违反行政管理秩序的行为时具有责任能力和责任条件,行政机关才能予以处罚,这就是行政处罚的责任主义。在我国过去的法律和理论上,对行政处罚多持结果责任的立场,只要客观行为违法即予处罚。根据宪法上人格尊严的要求,为了维护公民的意志自由、实现处罚的目的,行政处罚应当实行责任主义。我国《行政处罚法》应当确定以故意为原则的责任条件,再由特别法在具体情形中根据责任主义的要求,并考虑制裁有限性和行政效率等因素,对行政处罚是否允许以过失为责任条件逐一作出权衡判断。对于过失的认定,不应实行过错推定原则,而仍应由行政机关承担举证责任,行政机关可以在行为人没有达到一般注意义务的要求时,考察行为人有无正当理由而作出认定。

Modification of evidence theory based on feature extraction

Although evidence theory has been widely used in information fusion due to its effectiveness of uncertainty reasoning, the classical DS evidence theory involves counter-intuitive behaviors when high conflict information exists. Many modification methods have been developed which can be classified into the following two kinds of ideas, either modifying the combination rules or modifying the evidence sources. In order to make the modification more reasonable and more effective, this paper gives a thorough analysis of some typical existing modification methods firstly, and then extracts the intrinsic feature of the evidence sources by using evidence distance theory. Based on the extracted features, two modified plans of evidence theory according to the corresponding modification ideas have been proposed. The results of numerical examples prove the good performance of the plans when combining evidence sources with high conflict information.