和谐社会的重要基础:社会合理分化

社会分化与社会的变迁和发展是相伴而行的。促进社会合理分化是构建和发展社会主义和谐社会的基础工程。在快速转型期,中国的社会分化具有迅速、广泛和复杂的特点,但目前仍存在着角色分化水平低、组织分化滞后、贫富差距过大、分化无序和分化不平衡等突出问题。因此,我们必须采取应对措施,如加快城市化进程,努力提高社会分化水平;建立公平竞争的社会分化机制,实现社会分化的机会均等;坚持互利互惠原则,尽力协调社会各阶层群体之间的利益关系;探寻新型社会整合机制,提高社会整合能力。

构建有利于社会利益群体合理分化的道德机制

社会利益群体因经济利益的分化所引发的各个利益群体的利益冲突越来越成为普遍的社会问题,形成了社会的强势群体和弱势群体。这种社会利益群体的分化有合理分化和过度分化的不同情形,它们在道德的视域及社会的有序运行和健康发展中有着不同的影响,有必要对其作理性的把握和道德的评判。要实现社会利益的均衡就必须从强化人人共享发展成果的执政道德理念、构建确保社会公平正义的道德制度体系,以及与之相适应的国民价值体系等方面来建构有利于不同社会利益群体实现利益表达和政治参与的道德机制。

社会发展进程中利益群体分化的道德审视

社会利益群体因经济利益的分化所引发的各个利益群体的利益冲突越来越成为普遍的社会问题。这种社会利益群体的分化有合理分化和过度分化的不同情形,在道德的视阈和社会的有序运行和健康发展中有着不同的影响,有必要对此作理性的把握和道德的评判。要实现社会利益的均衡就必须从强化人人共享发展成果的执政道德理念、构建确保社会公平正义的道德制度体系以及与之相适应的国民价值体系等方面来建构有利于不同社会利益群体实现利益表达和政治参与的道德机制。

当前社会利益群体分化的道德影响

在社会主义市场经济条件下,社会利益群体分化组合是一种客观现象。从政治道德的视角看,社会利益群体的合理分化将加快中国社会结构的现代化,推动社会主义政治民主化,促进人的全面发展;而社会利益群体的过度分化则会削弱中共执政的道德基础,挫伤经济发展和社会进步的道德动力,危及中国社会的安全运行与社会和谐。

Studies on Chemical Constituents of the Fermentation Liquor of Soil Fungus 07-11

Two compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation of fungus 07-11, which obtained from the soil of Yunnan Province. They were identified as N-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) acetamide (1) and ergosta-7,22-diene-3,6-dione (2) respectively on the basis of spectral analyses and physical and chemical identifications. Compound 1 was a new natural product. Compound 2 was firstly isolated from its genus. Spectral data of 1 and complete 1H NMR data of 2 were reported for the first time.

Effects of Sulfur Compounds on Cd Partitioning in a Simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator

The effect of sulfur compounds （including sulfur, sulfide, sulfite and sulfate）, initial concentration of heavy metal and operating conditions on Cd emission in municipal solid waste （MSW） incineration were investi-gated using a simulated tubular furnace and simulated MSW spiked with Cd. The concentration of Cd was meas-ured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES） after digesting the samples including bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas according to related USEPA methods. The results show that S and Na2S tend to in- crease Cd partitioning in bottom ash, whereas Na2SO3 and Na2SO4 tend to reduce Cd partitioning in bottom ash. The effect of sulfur compounds on Cd partitioning in bottom ash was in the sequence of Na2S〉S〉Na2SO3〉 Na2SO4. chemical equilibrium analysis is also performed to determine the effect of sorbents on Cd adsorption. The calculations show that S presents strong affinity for Cd and restrains Cd adsorption by SiO2, whereas when temperature rises to between 830℃ and 1030℃, Cd adsorption efficiency of SiO2 is over 80% and the efficiency of Al2O3 is up to 85%.

A Review of Triterpenoids and Their Pharmacological Activities from Genus Kadsura

Plants in genus Kadsura,belong to the Schisandraceae family including genus Schisandra and genus Kadsura,revealed folk efficacy and medicinal application in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gastroenteric disorders for a long history.Previous study indicated that plants from genus Kadsura mainly contain lignans,triterpenoids and essential oils,and showed the active compounds were lignans and triterpenoids.Among all compounds from Schisandraceae family,the triterpenoids between the genus Schisandra and genus Kadsura had obvious differences.In this paper,we reviewed214triterpenoids and their pharmacological activities reported from genus Kadsura in the past30years(from1987to2017),aiming to provide reference for further study.

O-O bond formation mechanisms during the oxygen evolution reaction over synthetic molecular catalysts

Water oxidation is one of the most important reactions in natural and artificial energy conversion schemes.In nature,solar energy is converted to chemical energy via water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II to generate dioxygen,protons,and electrons.In artificial energy schemes,water oxidation is one of the half reactions of water splitting,which is an appealing strategy for energy conversion via photocatalytic,electrocatalytic,or photoelectrocatalytic processes.Because it is thermodynamically unfavorable and kinetically slow,water oxidation is the bottleneck for achieving large-scale water splitting.Thus,developing highly efficient water oxidation catalysts has attracted the interests of researchers in the past decades.The formation of O-O bonds is typically the rate-determining step of the water oxidation catalytic cycle.Therefore,better understanding this key step is critical for the rational design of more efficient catalysts.This review focuses on elucidating the evolution of metal-oxygen species during transition metal-catalyzed water oxidation,and more importantly,on discussing the feasible O-O bond formation mechanisms during the oxygen evolution reaction over synthetic molecular catalysts.

F^2∑^＋-X^2∑^＋ Band System of Cobalt Carbide

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of CoC was recorded in the spectral region from 13500 cm^-1 to 22000 cm^-1, in which the CoC molecules were produced by the reaction of sputtered cobalt atoms with methanol under supersonic jet cooled conditions. Much of the visible spectrum was assigned to transitions between the X2∑^＋ ground state and F2∑^＋ state. The 11 bands assigned as （v＇=3-13, 0） transitions of the F^2∑^＋-X^2∑^＋ band system were observed and rotationally analyzed. Equilibrium constants for the F^2∑^＋ state were Te=13628 cm^-1, We=669 cm^-1, ωeХe=4.3 cm^-1, Be=0.546 cm^-1, and Re=1.758A. Some new bands were observed.

Aromaticity of Heterofullerenes C18BxNy （x＋y=2） and Their Molecular lons

The aromaticity of all possible substituted fullerene isomers of C18N2, C18B2, C18BN, and their molecular ions which originate from the C20 （Ih） cage were studied by the topological resonance energy （TRE） and the percentage topological resonance energy methods. The relationship between the aromaticity of C18BxNy isomers and the sites where the heteroatoms dope at the C20 （Ih） cage is discussed. Calculation results show that at the neutral and cationic states all the isomers are predicted to be antiaromatic with negative TREs, but their polyvalent anions are predicted to be aromatic with positive TREs. The most stable isomer is formed by heteroatom doping at the 1,11-sites in C18N2. C18B2, and C18BN. Heterofullerenes are more aromatic than C20. The stability order in the neutral states is C18N2〉C18BN〉C18B2〉C20. The stability order in closed-shell is C18B2^8- 〉C20^6- 〉C18BN^6- 〉C18N2^4-. This predicts theoretically that their polyvalent anions have high aromaticity.

Electrode properties and phase composition of Ti_(0.5)Ni_(0.25)Al_(0.25) hydrogen storage alloys and theoretical simulation

Ti0.5Al0.25Ni0.25 alloy prepared by vacuum induction melting was studied.The phase composition was analyzed with X-ray technique and EDS analysis,and its electrochemical properties were investigated at various temperatures.Electrochemical reaction kinetic parameters were also studied with proper electrochemical techniques.The influence of the secondary corrosion reaction on the anodic linear polarization measurement was also analyzed by theoretical simulation.The results show that,proper ball-milling with nickel powders is beneficial to electrochemical performance.The theoretical simulation proves that,the existence of the side reaction can disturb the measurement of electrochemical reaction kinetic parameters.

The path selection of realize the value of the social security fund in our country

The value of social security funds, has always been an important part of our country social security enterprise as a whole, it is the one of the main ways to realize the social stability and national economic income. In the triple pressure with ageing population, inflation and social security transition, the value of the social security fund in our country is particularly acute. Analyses the receipts and expenditures of social security funds, investment and operation structure and put forward some rationalization proposal, which has significant meaning for a better play to the role of the social security fund and actively promote the innovation and development of China＇s social security fund management.

Online split-and-merge expec tation-maximization training of Gaussian mixture model and its optimization

This paper presents a new online incremental training algorithm of Gaussian mixture model （GMM）, which aims to perform the expectation-maximization（EM） training incrementally to update GMM model parameters online sample by sample, instead of waiting for a block of data with the sufficient size to start training as in the traditional EM procedure. The proposed method is extended from the split-and-merge EM procedure, so inherently it is also capable escaping from local maxima and reducing the chances of singularities. In the application domain, the algorithm is optimized in the context of speech processing applications. Experiments on the synthetic data show the advantage and efficiency of the new method and the results in a speech processing task also confirm the improvement of system performance.

The Phenomenological Approach as Epistemologically Support to Legitimize the Position of Oneself to the Other of Psychoanalysis

This work aims to show, in the phenomenology of Husserl, the relevance to seek the elements that give epistemological legitimacy and validity to the conceptualization that brings psychoanalytic theory to account for processes whose explanation necessarily imply to clarify that psychoanalysis, in contrast to psychological treatments, is not based on the effects of a relationship between the participants but in the positioning that each of them occupies relative to the other, particularly when having in mind the concept of transference and recognizing in it the position from which the analyst can give conditions of possibility--through his interventions--for which the patient may realize, analyze, and rethink his own position on what constitutes his discomfort. Husserl recaptures the Cartesian base from which opens philosophical reflection to a new area of research ＂in＂ consciousness where it is allowed to understand the relationship between subject and object from a new perspective that enables establishing an epistemology that substantiates the rigorous analysis of human subjectivity. Husserl＇s proposal introduces us to an epistemic field in which it can be shown and, that the psychoanalytic method which enables its effects is precisely the position of the analyst, while by his presence and intervention leads to the other in question, without having to abide by an alien desire, be able to position himself before his own desire. This analysis regarding the desire of oneself is indispensable to understand the elements at play in contemporary psychopathology, as in the present context the intensity of the demands generated in the economic apparatus, are experienced by the subject as arising from himself, erasing traces of his desire that is superseded by social imperatives that crushed and fragmented him.

Comparative Studies of Thermal Stability of Coal Tar Pitches

In the present work, three medium softening point coal tar pitches were used for comparative thermal stability and under-storage stability investigation. Powders of the pitches were found to be different under storage： one of the pitches was caked and slumped after 7-day or longer storage. For thermal stability investigation the soft temperature treatment （265℃） of coal tar pitches was used. Detailed study of initial and treated pitches was carried out. Experimental results demonstrated that LMW-HC （high low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons） and oxygen content influence pitch quality characteristics in a negative way under long-term storage and lead to highest properties change after thermal stability treatment.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Hybrid Copolymer Hydrogel with Poly(ethylene glycol) Dimethacrylate,2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Layered Double Hydroxides

This paper describes the fabrication, characterization and properties of a novel hybrid poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） based hydrogel via in situ polymerization. The hybrid hydrogel was fabricated by free-radical redox polymerization using ammonium persulfate （APS） and N, N, N/, NCtetramethylethylenediamine （TEMED） as initiators and N, NCmethylene bisacrylamide （BIS） as cross-linker at 60~C. To create a hybrid hydrogel, 0.2% （mass fraction） of MgA1 layered double hydroxide （LDH） was added to the aqueous solution by ultrasonic disper- sion. The physicochemical properties of hybrid hydrogel under vacuum freeze-drying processing were characterized by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, while swelling kinetics and gel content were calculated. Swelling degree in distilled water varied from 94%--125% with a gel mass fraction of 83%--91%. SEM images showed that the micron pore size of hydrogel could be adjusted within the range of several micrometers by changing the cross-linker mass fraction from 2% to 10% （based on glycol）. The results showed that the hybrid hydrogels exhibited excellent physicochemical behavior and might be a promising material for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the mechanisms of thermal conduction in methane hydrates

The thermal conductivity of methane hydrate is an important physical parameter affecting the processes of methane hydrate exploration,mining,gas hydrate storage and transportation as well as other applications.Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and the Green-Kubo method have been employed for systems from fully occupied to vacant occupied sI methane hydrate in order to estimate their thermal conductivity.The estimations were carried out at temperatures from 203.15 to 263.15 K and at pressures from 3 to 100 MPa.Potential models selected for water were TIP4P,TIP4P-Ew,TIP4P/2005,TIP4P-FQ and TIP4P/Ice.The effects of varying the ratio of the host and guest molecules and the external thermobaric conditions on the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate were studied.The results indicated that the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate is essentially determined by the cage framework which constitutes the hydrate lattice and the cage framework has only slightly higher thermal conductivity in the presence of the guest molecules.Inclusion of more guest molecules in the cage improves the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate.It is also revealed that the thermal conductivity of the sI hydrate shows a similar variation with temperature.Pressure also has an effect on the thermal conductivity,particularly at higher pressures.As the pressure increases,slightly higher thermal conductivities result.Changes in density have little impact on the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate.

Oxygenolysis reaction mechanism of copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase:A density functional theory study

The mechanism of the action of copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase （2,3QD） has been investigated by means of hy- brid density functional theory. The 2,3QD enzyme cleaves the O-heterocycle of a quercetin by incorporation of both oxygen atoms into the substrate and releases carbon monoxide. The calculations show that dioxygen attack on the copper complex is energetically favorable. The adduct has a possible near-degeneracy of states between [Cu2＋-（substrate H＋）] and [Cu＋-（sub- strate-H）. ], and in addition the pyramidalized C2 atom is ideally suited for forming a dioxygembridged structure. In the next step, the C3-C4 bond is cleaved and intermediate lnt5 is formed via transition state TS4. Finally, the Oa-Ob and C2-C3 bonds are cleaved, and CO is released in one concerted transition state （TS5） with the barrier of 63.25 and 61.91 k J/tool in the gas phase and protein environments, respectively. On the basis of our proposed reaction mechanism, this is the rate-limiting step of the whole catalytic cycle and is strongly driven by a relatively large exothermicity of 100.86 kJ/mol. Our work provides some valuable fundamental insights into the behavior of this enzyme.