This study provides a definition for urban big data while exploring its features and applications of Chi- na＇s city intelligence. The differences between city intelligence in China and the ＂smart city＂ concept in o...This study provides a definition for urban big data while exploring its features and applications of Chi- na＇s city intelligence. The differences between city intelligence in China and the ＂smart city＂ concept in other countries are compared to highlight and contrast the unique definition and model for China＇s city intelligence in this paper. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of urban big data in city intel- ligence by showing that it not only serves as the cornerstone of this trend as it also plays a core role in the diffusion of city intelligence technology and serves as an inexhaustible resource for the sustained development of city intelligence. This study also points out the challenges of shaping and developing of China＇s urban big data. Considering the supporting and core role that urban big data plays in city intel- ligence, the study then expounds on the key points of urban big data, including infrastructure support, urban governance, public services, and economic and industrial development. Finally, this study points out that the utility of city intelligence as an ideal policy tool for advancing the goals of China＇s urban de- velopment. In conclusion, it is imperative that China make full use of its unique advantages-including using the nation＇s current state of development and resources, geographical advantages, and good hu- man relations-in subjective and objective conditions to promote the development of city intelligence through the proper application of urban big data.展开更多
Public benefit trust is of great significance to the development of social public welfare, and the cy-pres doctrine as a special principle of public benefit trust, plays an important role in protecting the continuatio...Public benefit trust is of great significance to the development of social public welfare, and the cy-pres doctrine as a special principle of public benefit trust, plays an important role in protecting the continuation of public benefit trust, and the realization and reasonable use of high-efficiency trust properties. In this paper, therefore, the origin, establishment, and development trend of the approximation principle as well as its current legislative situation in China are studied, and also its applicability of the Cy-Pres doctrine in China＇s public benefit trust is briefly evaluated, so as to further deepen the understanding of the Cy-Pres doctrine and develop the public benefit trust undertakings in China.展开更多
Under the smart grid paradigm, in the near future all consumers will be exposed to variable pricing schemes introduced by utilities. Hence, there is a need to develop algorithms which could be used by the consumers to...Under the smart grid paradigm, in the near future all consumers will be exposed to variable pricing schemes introduced by utilities. Hence, there is a need to develop algorithms which could be used by the consumers to schedule their loads. In this paper, load scheduling problem is formulated as a LCP （load commitment problem）. The load model is general and can model atomic and non-atomic loads. Furthermore, it can also take into consideration the relative discomfort caused by delay in scheduling any load. For this purpose, a single parameter ＂uric＂ is introduced in the load model which captures the relative discomfort caused by delay in scheduling a particular load. Guidelines for choosing this parameter are given. All the other parameters of the proposed load model can be easily specified by the consumer. The paper shows that the general LCP can be viewed as multi-stage decision making problem or a MDP （Markov decision problem）. RL （reinforcement learning） based algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The efficacy of the algorithm is investigated when the price of electricity is available in advance as well as for the case when it is random. The scalability of the approach is also investigated.展开更多
文摘This study provides a definition for urban big data while exploring its features and applications of Chi- na＇s city intelligence. The differences between city intelligence in China and the ＂smart city＂ concept in other countries are compared to highlight and contrast the unique definition and model for China＇s city intelligence in this paper. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of urban big data in city intel- ligence by showing that it not only serves as the cornerstone of this trend as it also plays a core role in the diffusion of city intelligence technology and serves as an inexhaustible resource for the sustained development of city intelligence. This study also points out the challenges of shaping and developing of China＇s urban big data. Considering the supporting and core role that urban big data plays in city intel- ligence, the study then expounds on the key points of urban big data, including infrastructure support, urban governance, public services, and economic and industrial development. Finally, this study points out that the utility of city intelligence as an ideal policy tool for advancing the goals of China＇s urban de- velopment. In conclusion, it is imperative that China make full use of its unique advantages-including using the nation＇s current state of development and resources, geographical advantages, and good hu- man relations-in subjective and objective conditions to promote the development of city intelligence through the proper application of urban big data.
文摘Public benefit trust is of great significance to the development of social public welfare, and the cy-pres doctrine as a special principle of public benefit trust, plays an important role in protecting the continuation of public benefit trust, and the realization and reasonable use of high-efficiency trust properties. In this paper, therefore, the origin, establishment, and development trend of the approximation principle as well as its current legislative situation in China are studied, and also its applicability of the Cy-Pres doctrine in China＇s public benefit trust is briefly evaluated, so as to further deepen the understanding of the Cy-Pres doctrine and develop the public benefit trust undertakings in China.
文摘Under the smart grid paradigm, in the near future all consumers will be exposed to variable pricing schemes introduced by utilities. Hence, there is a need to develop algorithms which could be used by the consumers to schedule their loads. In this paper, load scheduling problem is formulated as a LCP （load commitment problem）. The load model is general and can model atomic and non-atomic loads. Furthermore, it can also take into consideration the relative discomfort caused by delay in scheduling any load. For this purpose, a single parameter ＂uric＂ is introduced in the load model which captures the relative discomfort caused by delay in scheduling a particular load. Guidelines for choosing this parameter are given. All the other parameters of the proposed load model can be easily specified by the consumer. The paper shows that the general LCP can be viewed as multi-stage decision making problem or a MDP （Markov decision problem）. RL （reinforcement learning） based algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The efficacy of the algorithm is investigated when the price of electricity is available in advance as well as for the case when it is random. The scalability of the approach is also investigated.
